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Cell Cycle Regulation
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Determining frequency of divisionCell type (what type of cell is it)
Organism’s stage of development
Current state of organism
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Controlling divisionProtein, enzyme interactions
Cell environment
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Cyclin~Proteins~
Produced during different stages of cell cycle Bind with
enzymes
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Cyclin-dependent Kinase
Cyclin binds with them
This binding allows cell cycle to progress
**Evolutionarily conserved**
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Enzyme-Protein interaction
Different interactions control different stages of the cycle
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Checkpoints
Checkpoints between G1 & S between G2 & probetween Meta & Ana
If any mistake is noted, cycle stops
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ApoptosisProgrammed cell death
Cell shrinks
Releases proteins calling for phagocytes
50-70 billion die each day!!!
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When it goes wrong
Cancer
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CancerUncontrolled growth and division of cells
Occurs due to mutations, frequently in the CDKs
Cell cycle becomes unregulated
Apoptosis stops
Cells proliferate
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Cancer proliferationCancer cells do not remain in interphase
Reproduce more rapidly than normal cells
Outcompete for resources
Choke off normal cells, tissue/organ no longer functions
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CausesToxins such as Carcinogens
Put harmful molecules in body that cause mutations
Cells that divide frequently
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Repairing what was lost
Stem Cell Research
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Stem CellsUnspecified cells that develop into specialized cells
By placing near specialized cells, they will adopt the same specialization
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Embryonic Stem CellsAfter fertilization, cells have not specialized
Specialize based on position and intercommunication
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Adult Stem CellsPost-development (differentiation has occurred)
Located in different areas of the body (Pancreas, bone marrow, nasal cavity)
Take on function of tissue they enter
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DifferencesNobody dies with adult stem cells
Far greater success with adult stem cells
Typically used on the same person who donated