Download - Ch22
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Molecules of Life
Chapter 22
Great Idea:A cell’s major parts are constructed from a few simple molecular building
blocks
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Chapter Outline
• Organic Molecules• Proteins: The Workhorses of Life
• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Minerals and Vitamins
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Organic Molecules
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Four Basic Characteristics
• Most molecules based on chemistry of carbon– Organic molecules
• Life’s molecules form from few elements– H, O, C, N 97.5% of body weight
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Four Basic Characteristics –cont.
• Molecules composed of simple building blocks– Arranged differently
• Shape determines behavior– Determines ability for bonding
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Atoms in the Human Body
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• No H atoms or bonds to H are shown
• C atoms are not shown explicitly
Chemical Shorthand
Shorthand
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Science in the Making
• The synthesis of urea– Friedrich Wohler
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Proteins: The Workhorses of Life
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Amino Acids: Building Blocks of Proteins
• Amino acid– Carboxyl group– Amino group– Carbon atom– Side group
• Side group– Makes amino acid unique
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Amino Acid Structure
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Distinctive Side Chain on Amino Acids
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Amino Acids - cont.
• Bonding– Two amino acids
•H bonds with OH
•Forms H2O
•Forms peptide bond
– Polypeptide• Chain
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Proteins
• Protein– Large molecule– Chain of amino acids
• Only 20 amino acids in living organisms
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Structural Proteins
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The Structure of Proteins
• Primary structure– Linear sequence of amino acids
• Secondary structure– Bending due to hydrogen bonds
• Tertiary structure– Disulfide bridges and other bonds
• Quaternary structure– More than one polypeptide chain
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The Structure of Proteins
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Science by the Numbers
• How many proteins can you make?
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Proteins as Enzymes
• Enzymes– Specific shape and structure– Facilitates bonding– Recycled
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An Enzyme in Action
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Computer-Generated Image of an Enzyme in Action
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The Science of Life
• Proteins and diet– Essential amino acids– High-quality proteins– Low-quality proteins
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Essential Amino Acids in Eggs and Cornmeal
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Balanced Protein Meal
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How Drugs Work
• Blocking enzymes– Block active site– Molecules cannot bond– Reaction does not take place
• Shape of molecules– Block membrane transport– Block neurotransmitters
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
• Structure– C, H, O
• Simplest - sugars – CnH2nOn
• Monosaccharides• Polysaccharides
– Starches– Cellulose
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Glucose
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Fructose
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Polysaccharides
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Lipids
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Lipids
• Lipids– Insoluble in water
• Role of lipids– Cell membranes– Store energy
• Phospholipids– Make up cell membrane
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Lipids and Water Are Immiscible
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Structure of a Phospholipid
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Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
• Saturated– Carbon is fully bonded– Basis of cholesterol
• Unsaturated– Monounsaturated– Polyunsaturated
•Hydrogenation
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Saturated vs. UnsaturatedLipids
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Technology
• Nonfattening fats
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Cell Membranes
• Cell membrane– Hydrophilic– Hydrophobic
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Lipid Bilayer
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Minerals and Vitamins
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Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
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Minerals
• Minerals– All chemical elements except C, H, N, O
• Example– Calcium
•2% of weight
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RDAs for Minerals
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Vitamins
• Vitamins– Organic molecules– Must be taken in with food
•Except vitamin D
• Function– Assist enzymes
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Types of Vitamins
• Water soluble– Vitamins B & C
• Fat soluble– Vitamins A, D, E, & K
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Citrus Fruit and Vitamin C
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RDAs for Vitamins