-
Changes, Changes, and More Changes to ASTM C94
and Other Sacred Cow Documents
Richard S. Szecsy, PhD, PE, FACIPresident
Texas Aggregates and Concrete Association
Austin, TexasDecember 2016
-
Overview
What does a sack of cement weigh?
What happens strengths are low?
Do I reject concrete at 300 revolutions
Do I reject concrete at 90 minutes?
What about ASR, ACR, etc?
Returned Concrete
Where can I get an EPD for concrete?
-
What does a sack of cement weigh? (Then)
ASTM C94/C94M 09
Section 9 Measuring MaterialsUnder special circumstances approved by the purchaser, hydraulic cement is permitted to be measured in bags of standard mass (Note 9). No fraction of a bag of hydraulic cement shall be used unless its mass has beendetermined.
NOTE 9In the United States the standard mass of a bag of portland cement is 94 lb [42.6 kg] 6 3 %.
-
What does a sack of cement weigh? (Now)
ASTM C94/C94M 13a
Section 9 Measuring MaterialsWhen the purchaser requires alternate methods of measuring cementitious materials, measurement methods and reporting shall be stated in the order (see Note 11).
NOTE 11Cementitious materials in bags may be used when requested by the purchaser.
-
Low Strength (Then)
ASTM C94/C94M 09
Section 19 Failure to Meet Strength RequirementsIn the event that concrete tested in accordance with the requirements of Section 18 fails to meet the strength requirements of this specification, the manufacturer of the ready mixed concrete and the purchaser shall confer to determine whether agreement can be reached as to what adjustment, if any, shall be made. If an agreement on a mutually satisfactory adjustment cannot be reached by the manufacturer and the purchaser, a decision shall be made by a panel of three qualified engineers, one of whom shall be designated by the purchaser, one by the manufacturer, and the third chosen by these two members of the panel. The question of responsibility for the cost of such arbitration shall be determined by the panel. Its decision shall be binding, except as modified by a court decision.
-
Low Strength (Now)
ASTM C94/C94M 13a
Section 19 Failure to Meet Strength RequirementsIn the event that concrete tested in accordance with the requirements of Section 18 fails to meet the strength requirements of this specification, the manufacturer of the ready-mixed concrete and the purchaser shall confer to determine whether agreement can be reached as to what adjustment or adjustments, if any, shall be made to the mixture proportions, production process, or testing procedures.
NOTE 26Section R5.6.3.4 of the ACI 31811 Commentary and Section 5.6.5 of ACI 31811 and its respective Commentary address when and how low strength test results and the quality of in-place concrete can be investigated.
-
300 Drum Revolutions (and 90 minutes)
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
2500
2750
3000
3250
3500
3750
4000
4250
4500
4750
5000
200 250 300 350 400
Tim
e (m
in)
Com
pres
sive
str
engt
h (p
si)
Revolutions
7 day strength28 day strengthTime
Chart2
3080254050
3100614110
3020803990
30501053930
31201343930
7 day strength
Time
28 day strength
Revolutions
Compressive strength (psi)
Time (min)
MixDesigns
MixCementitious ContentAdmixtures
SackTotalAshCement (lb./yd.)Ash (lb./yd.)Total (lb/yd.)ASTM C494Dosage (oz./yd.)ASTM C494Dosage (oz./yd.)
4.54230.15136063423A16.9D8.5
65640.252423141564A/F50.8D16.9
7.57050.353458247705F56.4D21.2
MixParameterRevolutions
200250300350400
1Slump (in.)5.755.543.52.5
Air %1.01.01.31.21
Concrete Temp. (F)7577778081
Ambient Temp. (F)7373747475
2Slump (in.)43.53.252.51.25
Air %1.71.71.71.71.7
Concrete Temp. (F)7778808080
Ambient Temp. (F)6970717170
3Slump (in.)Collapsed>10">10"1010
Air %0.10.20.30.30.3
Concrete Temp. (F)7480818083
Ambient Temp. (F)7676777777
4.5 sk
Date4/24/09Date4/24/09Date4/24/09Date4/24/09Date4/24/09
200-1250-1300-1350-1400-1
0Revolutions200Revolutions250Revolutions300Revolutions350Revolutions400
Slump5.75Slump5.5Slump4Slump3.5Slump2.5200250300350400
Air1.0Air1.0Air1.3Air1.2Air1256180105134
Concrete Temp.75Temp.77Temp.77Temp.80Temp.81730803100302030503120
Ambient Temp.73737474752840504110399039303930
9:15Time9:40Time10:16Time10:35Time11:00Time11:29
0:251:011:201:452:14
Agetotal loadpsiAgetotal loadpsiAgetotal loadpsiAgetotal loadpsiAgetotal loadpsi
737263296073959331507380553030735691284073862630704.5 sack 15% fly ash normal and 2% retarder
74146733007384843060738416306073963131507403253210
73840230607381263030737169296073987231707394923140
73960331507396653160737740300074016532007388793090
73769130007378083010736912294073887530907372712970
73873630807397513160737753300073692629407405723230
73835030507398493170738485306073825830407391733120
73898631007387173080738338305073672329207392203120
73892931007401813200738980310073929831307393363130
73754629907379973020737952302073774230007388573090
Average30807Average31007Average30207Average30507Average3120
Stdev97714912073
256180105134
2850270400028530364220284934939302847649379028491583910
2850201399028485453860285239741702852885421028511834070
2850720404028521874150284692437302849765396028478803810
2849471394028527144190285064940302849098391028506724030
2852618419028530674220285036940102849855397028498813970
2852963421028495473940285049140202851497410028499573970
2852217415028532914240284880838802851231408028495073940
2852345416028500573980284997339802849967398028472463760
2849882397028544914340285104940602847277376028491653910
2847859381028502274000285158641002844063351028498483970
Average405028Average411028Average399028Average393028Average3930
Stdev12915712320093
4.5 sk
7 day strength
Time
28 day strength
Revolutions
Compressive strength (psi)
Time (min)
90 minute limit
28 day design requirement
-
Rejecting at 300 Drum Revolutions (Then)
ASTM C94/C94M 09
Section 12 Mixing and Delivery
12.7 Discharge of the concrete shall be completed within 1-12 h, or before the drum has revolved 300 revolutions, whichever comes first, after the introduction of the mixing water to the cement and aggregates or the introduction of the cement to the aggregates.
-
Rejecting at 300 Drum Revolutions (Now)
ASTM C94/C94M 13a
6.1.8 Purchaser shall state any drum revolution limit as to when the concrete discharge must begin. If no drum revolution limit is stated by purchaser, the manufacturer shall determine and communicate the limit to the purchaser prior to delivery.
NOTE 4An example of a drum revolution limit would be XXX revolutions.
-
Rejecting at 300 Drum Revolutions (Now)
ASTM C94/C94M 13a
12.8 When a drum revolution limit (6.1.8) for start of discharge is specified by the purchaser, this limit shall govern.
NOTE 19Depending on the project requirements the technology is available to the manufacturer to alter fresh concrete properties (such as setting time, slump or slump flow, air content, etc.). On some projects the manufacturer may request changes to certain fresh concrete properties due to the distance or projected transportation time between the batch plant and the point of delivery.
-
What about 90 minutes?
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
2500
2750
3000
3250
3500
3750
4000
4250
4500
4750
5000
200 250 300 350 400
Tim
e (m
in)
Com
pres
sive
str
engt
h (p
si)
Revolutions
7 day strength28 day strengthTime
Chart2
3080254050
3100614110
3020803990
30501053930
31201343930
7 day strength
Time
28 day strength
Revolutions
Compressive strength (psi)
Time (min)
MixDesigns
MixCementitious ContentAdmixtures
SackTotalAshCement (lb./yd.)Ash (lb./yd.)Total (lb/yd.)ASTM C494Dosage (oz./yd.)ASTM C494Dosage (oz./yd.)
4.54230.15136063423A16.9D8.5
65640.252423141564A/F50.8D16.9
7.57050.353458247705F56.4D21.2
MixParameterRevolutions
200250300350400
1Slump (in.)5.755.543.52.5
Air %1.01.01.31.21
Concrete Temp. (F)7577778081
Ambient Temp. (F)7373747475
2Slump (in.)43.53.252.51.25
Air %1.71.71.71.71.7
Concrete Temp. (F)7778808080
Ambient Temp. (F)6970717170
3Slump (in.)Collapsed>10">10"1010
Air %0.10.20.30.30.3
Concrete Temp. (F)7480818083
Ambient Temp. (F)7676777777
4.5 sk
Date4/24/09Date4/24/09Date4/24/09Date4/24/09Date4/24/09
200-1250-1300-1350-1400-1
0Revolutions200Revolutions250Revolutions300Revolutions350Revolutions400
Slump5.75Slump5.5Slump4Slump3.5Slump2.5200250300350400
Air1.0Air1.0Air1.3Air1.2Air1256180105134
Concrete Temp.75Temp.77Temp.77Temp.80Temp.81730803100302030503120
Ambient Temp.73737474752840504110399039303930
9:15Time9:40Time10:16Time10:35Time11:00Time11:29
0:251:011:201:452:14
Agetotal loadpsiAgetotal loadpsiAgetotal loadpsiAgetotal loadpsiAgetotal loadpsi
737263296073959331507380553030735691284073862630704.5 sack 15% fly ash normal and 2% retarder
74146733007384843060738416306073963131507403253210
73840230607381263030737169296073987231707394923140
73960331507396653160737740300074016532007388793090
73769130007378083010736912294073887530907372712970
73873630807397513160737753300073692629407405723230
73835030507398493170738485306073825830407391733120
73898631007387173080738338305073672329207392203120
73892931007401813200738980310073929831307393363130
73754629907379973020737952302073774230007388573090
Average30807Average31007Average30207Average30507Average3120
Stdev97714912073
256180105134
2850270400028530364220284934939302847649379028491583910
2850201399028485453860285239741702852885421028511834070
2850720404028521874150284692437302849765396028478803810
2849471394028527144190285064940302849098391028506724030
2852618419028530674220285036940102849855397028498813970
2852963421028495473940285049140202851497410028499573970
2852217415028532914240284880838802851231408028495073940
2852345416028500573980284997339802849967398028472463760
2849882397028544914340285104940602847277376028491653910
2847859381028502274000285158641002844063351028498483970
Average405028Average411028Average399028Average393028Average3930
Stdev12915712320093
4.5 sk
7 day strength
Time
28 day strength
Revolutions
Compressive strength (psi)
Time (min)
90 minute limit
28 day design requirement
-
ASR & ACR?
C09.50 Risk Management for Alkali Aggregate Reaction
Sole Document
New Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
Focuses on flow chart for management (decision making) on how to identify risk of AAR
Based on AASHTO flow chart
-
Returned Concrete in ASTM C94
Top loaded concrete as a material source?
Industry already does it
A sustainable practice?
How to incorporate and manage?
ASTM C1798-16e1
-
Recycled Material as Aggregate (ASTM C33)
3.2 aggregate, recycled, n - a granular material that has beendiverted, separated, or removed from the solid waste stream, andprocessed for use in the form of raw materials or products.
B For manufactured or other recycled aggregate, if the material finerthan the 75-m (No.200) sieve consists of the dust of fracture,essentially free of clay or shale, this limit shall be 5.0% for concretesubject to abrasion, and 7% maximum for concrete not subject toabrasion.
5.1 Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, manufactured sand,or other recycled aggregate or a combination thereof.
-
Recycled Material as Aggregate (ASTM C33)
Note X: This standard only addresses properties of aggregatesconsidered necessary for use in concrete and the associated testmethods contained within this standard. Certain recycled aggregatesources may contain materials and properties not addressed as partof the document specifications, limits, or test methods. Recycledaggregates may require evaluation for environmental considerations(air quality, water quality, storage) using the appropriate local, state,and federal test methods in effect at the time of use.
9.1 Coarse aggregate shall consist of gravel, crushed gravel, crushedstone, air-cooled blast furnace slag, crushed hydraulic-cementconcrete (see Note 6), or other recycled aggregate (see Note X), or acombination thereof, conforming to the requirements of thisspecification.
-
The Government already has labelsEPD
-
Questions
Richard S. Szecsy, PhD, PE, FACIPresident
Texas Aggregates and Concrete Assoc.900 CongressAustin, Texas 78701214-202-1379 cell512-451-5100 ofc
Slide Number 1OverviewWhat does a sack of cement weigh? (Then)What does a sack of cement weigh? (Now)Low Strength (Then)Low Strength (Now)300 Drum Revolutions (and 90 minutes)Rejecting at 300 Drum Revolutions (Then)Rejecting at 300 Drum Revolutions (Now)Rejecting at 300 Drum Revolutions (Now)What about 90 minutes?ASR & ACR?Returned Concrete in ASTM C94Recycled Material as Aggregate (ASTM C33)Recycled Material as Aggregate (ASTM C33)The Government already has labelsEPDQuestions
/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict > /GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > /FormElements false /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]>> setdistillerparams> setpagedevice