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Chapter 22Section 1- Urbanization and Urban Growth
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Urban and Rural Areas
• Urban or metropolitan area– Town and its adjacent suburbs
• Rural area– Area with population over 2,500 people
• Village– Rural homes linked together by culture and
surviving off of local natural resources• City– Larger group of people that depend on
resources from other areas
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Urban Growth
• Natural increase- more births than deaths• Immigration– Rural to urban areas• Poverty• Lack of land• Declining agriculture jobs• Famine• War
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Patterns of Urban Growth Today
Population living in urban areas is increasing
Number of large cities is mushrooming
Urbanization and urban population are increasing rapidly in developing countries
Poverty is becoming urbanized in developing countries
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Major Urban Problems in US
Many urban environmental problems in US reduced since 1920
People have better working and living conditions
Better air and water quality
Better sanitation, public water supplies, and medical care lowered death rates
By having most of the population in urban areas, we are able to protect the country’s biodiversity
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Major Urban Problems in US (cont.)
Cities have deteriorating services
Aging infrastructure
Rising poverty
Urban sprawl Ample land for expansion
Federal and state funding for highways
Low-cost gas
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22.4 How Important is Urban Land Use Planning
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Terms: land-use planning, zoning
• All development needs some planning for future growth – but often plans focus on cost and lead to uncontrolled urban sprawl and economic problems.
• Property tax laws encourage using tools like zoning to increase profit rather than to create mixed areas (with housing, businesses etc) or preserve natural land
Conventional Land Use Planning
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Smart Growth Can Work
Terms: smart growth, conservation easements, brown fields
• With the right rules and regulations, our cities and towns can grow while also becoming more sustainable and reducing air pollution within congested cities
• Can actually provide MORE jobs and economic growth than conventional land use planning
• Example: Portland, Oregon
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Preserving and Using Open Space
Terms: urban growth boundaries, greenbelts
• Open space within and connected to cities with urban growth boundaries, greenbelts and municipal parks
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22.5 How Can Cities become more
sustainable and livable
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New Urbanism is Growing
Terms: cluster development
• Principles of New Urbanism: Walkability: 10 minutesMixed-use and diversity: variety of buildings and people Quality urban design: aestheticsSmart Transportation: mass transit
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The Ecocity Concept: Cities for People Not Cars• The problem isn’t urban growth but rather
failure to make cities more sustainable and livable
• Basic idea: Efficiency standards, local products, renewable energy, preserve nature
• Fit the goals of new urbanism, but go beyond that
• Dongtan, China: Goals• First carbon neutral city• Community of 80,000 by 2020• Ecological footprint half that of
comparable cities• “urban laboratories to experiment”
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The Ecovillage Movement is Growing
Terms: ecovillage Movement• Small groups are coming together, using a
variety to methods to make pockets of sustainability – even within large and unsustainable cities
http://laecovillage.org/
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Living in Cities
Awesome because:
Centers for commerce, industry, and transportation
People in cities have longer life spans
Recycling is easier because materials are highly concentrated
Takes small amount of land so disturbs little biodiversity
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Cities are also terrible High Ecological Footprints
Area disturbed not just physical space occupied
Removes people from nature
Will not be passionate enough about nature to protect it
No vegetation
No benefits from plants
Absorbing pollutants, Producing oxygen, Providing habitats
Water Issues Large demand but not a lot of water
Take water away from rural areas
Prone to flooding
Destroyed wetlands to build many cities
Dry areas can experience aquifer depletion and droughts
Inputs Outputs
Energy Solid wastes
Food Waste heat
Air pollutantsWater
Water pollutantsRaw materials Greenhouse gases
Manufactured goods
Manufactured goodsNoise
MoneyWealth
Information Ideas
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Cities and stuff cont.
Concentrated pollution and Health Risks
Pollutants cannot be dispersed/diluted b/c small area
High CO2 Concentration
Lots of cars
Can disrupt Carbon and Nitrogen cycle
Noise Pollution Cause hearing loss
Can cause stress and accidents
Differing Climate and Light Pollution Heat generated by cities
Artificial light produced
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City Spread
Dispersed vs. Concentrated
Dispersed
Most of cities in US
Forces use of more cars
Allows pollutants to be diluted more easily
Concentrated
People can walk or use public transportation more
Higher concentration of pollutants Higher health risks
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Automobiles
Why they’re bad
Accidents
CO2 Pollution
Infrastructure takes up a lot of space
Reducing use
Full Cost Pricing
Including environmental impact in the price
Will increase price of gasoline so people will drive less
Government allocate more money to public transportation
Not very available in many major cities
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Alternatives Bikes
Better for physical fitness
No pollutants
Cheap
Railway systems
Most cities had light-rail system but got rid of it to promote cars
Rapid rail systems
Trains between urban areas
Can be expensive though
US used to be awesome
Now it sucks because we got rid of all of our light rail systems
Thought the car would be more important
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