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Chapter 6 LEARNING
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
When you see this word what comes to mind.. “SASQUATCH” Jack’s Link Beef Jerky is associated with
Sasquatch
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Chapter 6 LEARNING
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Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls
forth the response that is usually called forth by another stimulus
This occurs when the two stimuli have been associated with each other
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
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The Office & Classical Conditioning
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
IMPORTANT TERMS
Terms that are important in understanding classical conditioning: Unconditioned stimulus (US) – a stimulus that causes
a response that is automatic, not learned Unconditioned response (UR) – the response that is
automatic, not learned
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
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Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
Conditioned Response (CR) – a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral or meaningless
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
IMPORTANT TERMS (continued)
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Pavlov
UCS – What naturally causes the stimulation? (FOOD)
UCR –What naturally responds to the stimulation? (SALIVATION)
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Pavlov
CS – What stimulus now causes a response? This is now learned? (TUNING FORK)
CR – How does it respond to the new, conditioned stimulus? (SALIVATION)
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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PAVLOV
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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CC in the Real World (Application)
Advertisements Marlboro Man – association with rugged man Bikini Model and a Beer – association with beer
and girl Da Da Da Da Daaaa….I’m Lovin It!
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Stores use Classical Conditioning
UCS (music - popular tune) UCR (positive emotion) CS (product) + UCS (popular tune) --> UCR
(positive emotion) CS (product) --> CR (positive emotion)
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Baby Albert
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Question: How are the principles of operant conditioning applied?
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Offering of rewards – being positively reinforced Shaping – a way of teaching complex behaviors
in which one first reinforces small steps in the right direction
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
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Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Question: How are the principles of operant conditioning applied?
Programmed Learning – assumes that any task can be broken down into small steps that can be shaped individually and combined to form the more complicated whole
Classroom discipline – using principles of learning to change classroom behavior
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING (continued)
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Skinner - OC
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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OC
Positive Reinforcement – increase a behavior (smile, money, “I appreciate you”)
Negative Reinforcement – removing an aversive stimulus (removing the chimes by putting on your seatbelt)
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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OC
Primary Reinforcement– meets a biological need (air/food/water)
Secondary –reinforcers that are learned (money, good grades)
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Skinner
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Question: What are the cognitive factors in learning?
COGNITIVE FACTORS IN LEARNING Latent learning – learning that remains hidden
until it is needed Observational learning – acquiring knowledge
and skills by observing and imitating others
Section 3: Cognitive Factors in Learning
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Bo-Bo Doll Experiment
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Cognitive Maps
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Cognitive Maps
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Chapter 6Chapter 6
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Question: What are the steps of the PQ4R method of learning?
STEPS OF THE PQ4R METHOD OF LEARNING PREVIEW – getting a general picture of what is covered
before reading a chapter QUESTION – something in particular that we want to learn READ – reading the material with the purpose of finding
answers REFLECT – an important way to understand and remember
the material read
Section 4: The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn