![Page 1: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES
CHAPTER 11
![Page 2: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Prokaryotes
Most diverse group of organismsHabitats
All possible habitats are exploited by some sort of prokaryote
Only a few capable of colonizing humans and causing disease
![Page 3: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells
Figure 11.1
![Page 4: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells
Result from two aspects of division during binary fission Planes in which cells divide Separation of daughter cells
![Page 5: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Arrangements of Cocci: Diplococci
Figure 11.6a
![Page 6: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Arrangements of Cocci: Streptococci
Figure 11.6b
![Page 7: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Arrangements of Cocci: Tetrads
Figure 11.6c
![Page 8: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Arrangements of Cocci: Staphylococci
Figure 11.6e
![Page 9: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Arrangements of Bacilli: Single Bacillus
Figure 11.7a
![Page 10: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Arrangements of Bacilli: Diplobacilli
Figure 11.7b
![Page 11: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Arrangements of Bacilli: Streptobacilli
Figure 11.7c
![Page 12: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Arrangements of Bacilli: V-Shape and Palisade
Figure 11.7d
![Page 13: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Endospores
Produced by Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus and Clostridium are examples
Each vegetative cell transforms into one endosporeEach endospore germinates to form one vegetative
cellConstitute a defensive strategy against hostile or
unfavorable conditionsEndospores are not reproductive structures
![Page 14: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Modern Prokaryotic Classification
Three domains of Life Archaea (prokaryote) Bacteria (prokaryote) Eukarya (eukaryote)
![Page 15: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Archaea
![Page 16: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Features of Archaea
Prokaryotes (no membrane bound nucleus) Lack Peptidoglycan in their cell walls Genome is circular DNA Histone proteins are present Ribosomes are more similar to bacteria than
eukaryotes Many occupy "extreme' environments.
Extremophiles Not known to cause disease in humans or animals
![Page 17: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Halophiles
Inhabit extremely saline habitatsDepend on greater than 9% NaCl to maintain integrity
of cell wallsMany contain red or orange pigments; protection from
visible and UV lightExtreme Halophiles… require very high salt (not just
tolerant) Most require at least 9 % NaCl Most require 12-23% NaCl for optimal growth Almost all can grow at 32% NaCl
Most studied – Halobacterium salinarium
![Page 18: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Extreme Halophiles
Great salt lake
Seawater evaporation
ponds
SEM of halophiles
African “soda lake” high
alkalinity, high salinity
![Page 19: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Methanogens
Convert carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, and organic acids to methane gas
Largest group of archaeaConvert organic wastes in pond, lake, and ocean
sediments to methaneSome live in colons of animals; are one of primary
sources of environmental methane
![Page 20: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Methanogens
CH4 (methane producers)Strict anaerobesExample genus: Methanococcus
![Page 21: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Methanogens
Methanogen habitats
![Page 22: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hyperthermophiles
Most are obligate anaerobesMost require S as part of their metabolic schemeExample Genera:
Sulfolobus Thermococcus Pyrolobus
Hyperthermophiles – require temperatures over 80ºCHeat stable biomolecules
![Page 23: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hyperthermophile Habitats
![Page 24: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Bacterial groups
![Page 25: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Phototrophic Bacteria
PhotoautotrophsFive groups … (often grouped by color)
Blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) Chlorophyll a (oxygenic photosynthesis)
Green sulfur bacteria bacteriochlorophyll Green nonsulfur bacteria “ Purple sulfur bacteria “ Purple nonsulfur bacteria “
![Page 26: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Phototrophic Bacteria
Table 11.1
![Page 27: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria
ClostridiaMycoplasmaBacillusListeriaLactobacillus Streptococcus Staphylococcus
![Page 28: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria
Includes rod-shaped cells and filamentous bacteriaCorynebacteriumMycobacteriumActinomycetes
Actinomyces Nocardia Streptomyces
![Page 29: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Actinomycetes
Figure 11.17
![Page 30: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Gram-Negative Proteobacteria
Largest and most diverse group of bacteria More diseases are caused by this group than any other.
Five distinct classes Alphaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Epsilonproteobacteria
![Page 31: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Alphaproteobacteria
Nitrogen fixers Azospirillum Rhizobium
Nitrifying bacteria Nitrobacter
Purple nonsulfur phototrophsPathogenic alphaproteobacteria
Rickettsia Brucella Ehrlichia
Caulobacter
![Page 32: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Betaproteobacteria
Pathogenic betaproteobacteria Neisseria Bordetella
Nonpathogenic betaproteobacteria Thiobacillus Spirillum
![Page 33: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Gammaproteobacteria
Purple sulfur bacteria Intracellular pathogens
Legionella Coxiella
Methane oxidizersFacultative anaerobes
Family Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonads Pseudomonas Azotobacter Azomonas
![Page 34: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Deltaproteobacteria
Bdellovibrio
Myxobacteria
![Page 35: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Epsilonproteobacteria
CampylobacterHelicobacter
![Page 36: CHARACTERIZING AND CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES CHAPTER 11](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649d0c5503460f949df8fc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Other Gram-Negative Bacteria
Chlamydias Chlamydia
Spirochetes Treponema Borrelia
Bacteroids Bacteroides