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CHURCH, A POWERFUL INSTITUTION
SOCIAL SCIENCE III
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MAIN IDEA
Church and politics clashed Church leaders and political
leaders competed for power and authority.
Amid the weak central governments in feudal Europe, Church remained a powerful institution.▪ CHURCH- shaped the lives of
people from all social classes▪ CHURCH- expanded its political
role
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CHURCH EMPERORSVERSUS
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The Scope of Church Authority
Ideally, before the crowning of Charlemagne…
GELASIUS I- a pope who introduced the concept on the separation of the church and state.
“There are two powers by which this world is cheifly ruled: The sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of the kings.”
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God created 2 symbolic swords
RELIGIOUS SWORD
Held by the pope Pope should bow to
the emperor in political matters
POLITICAL SWORD
Held by the emperors Emperors should bow
to the pope in religious matters
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Church Structure (Philippine History)
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Church Structure
Church has its own organization
It consisted of different ranks of clergy (religious officials)
POPE- Bishops- Priests
Bishops- settle disputes over Church teachings and religious practices
Priests- people’s main contact with the Church.
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RELIGION AS A UNIFYING FORCE
People looked up to the church as a provider of security and religious community to which they could belong.
PROMISE OF SALVATIOIN- an everlasting life. Sacraments and or religious ceremonies paved the way for achieving salvation.
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CHURCH’S HARSHEST PUNISHMENTS
EXCOMMUNICATION
Banishment from the Church.
Used by popes to wield power over political rulers.
If a king is excommunicated, all of his vassals will be freed from their duties to him.
INTERDICT
Under the interdict, many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the king’s lands.
Belief: without the sacraments, people might be doomed to eternal suffering in hell.
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HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Remember the first emperor of the Roman Empire? Charlemagne. (erratum: Roman Empire not Holy Roman Empire) Crowned by Pope Leo III after winning the
favor of the pope.
Charlemagne’s death led to the creation of the Holy Roman Empire set the stage for future conflicts between emperors and popes.
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HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Otto the Great- greatly inspired by his “boyhood hero” Charlemagne. Copied Charlemagne in many
aspects (ex. Limited nobles’ strength, sought help from the clergy, invaded Italy on the pope’s behalf.)
He tried to revive Charlemagne’s Roman Empire and made it the Holy Roman Empire (aka Roman Empire of the German Nation), the strongest state in Europe until 1100.
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ILL EFFECTS OF THE CREATION OF A HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
RESENTMENT grew from the Italian nobles towards the German rule.
FEAR transpired among the popes over the growing political power that the German emperors held over Italy. Ban of lay investiture (a ceremony in which the
kings and nobles appointed church officials); powerful clergies such as the bishops must not be under the power of any king.
Story of Henry IV, a young German emperor, and Pope Gregory VII.
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POPE GREGORY VII
Bishops must not be under the power of kings/ nobles. The church must not be undermined by them.
Ban of lay investiture
With Henry’s vicious reply, Gregory had him excommunicated.
HENRY IV
After meeting with some German bishops he appointed, called Gregory a “false monk, not pope”.
After bishops and princes sided the pope, Henry asked for the pope’s forgiveness. THIS BEGINS A SHOWDOWN IN
CANOSSA.
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WHAT HAPPENED IN CANOSSA?
“There, having laid aside all the belongings of royalty, wretchedly, with bare feet and clad in wool, he (Henry IV) continued for three days to stand before the gate of the castle. Nor did he desist from imploring with many tears the aid and consolation of the apostolic mercy until he had moved all of those who were present there…” – Pope Gregory in Basic Documents in Medieval History
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CHURCH REFORMS AND THE CRUSADES
Monastic revival and church reforms were made to restore and expand the power and authority of the church; Began the Age of Faith Church suffered severe problems Priests could barely read prayers Popes were men of questionable morals Bishops cared more about their position
as feudal lords
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THREE THINGS REFORMERS WANTED TO CHANGE
FIRST: village priests marrying and having families STOPPED BY POPE LEO IX
SECOND: simony where positions of the Church are sold by bishops STOPPED BY POPE LEO IX
THIRD: lay investiture should be apponted by the Church.
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CHURCH REFORMS
Preaching friars- example Francis of Assisi Dominicans (emphasized scholarship) and
Franciscans (treating creatures as if they were their spiritual brothers and sisters)
Religious orders for women Examples: Poor Clares and a Benedictine convent
founded by Hildegard of Bingen, Germany New church architecture
Gothic- thrusting upward as if reaching the heavens. In contrast of the previous Romanesque churches which were heavy and gloomy.
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CRUSADES
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CRUSADES
Holy War What caused the
launching of the Crusades?
1. Muslims control over the Palestine (the Holy Land) and threaten Constantinople (seat of the Byzantine Empire)
2. Byzantine emperor (Alexius Comnenus) calling the Pope (Urban II) for help
3. Pope wants to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christendom
4. Pope appeals to Christian knights
5. Knights feel religious zeal (assurance of heaven if died during the Crusades) and want lands, riches (non-eldest male sons), and adventure
6. Italian cities desiring commercial power (merchants financing Crusades to win control key trade routes to India, SE Asia, and China from Muslim traders.
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First and second crusades Crusaders were French (mostly), Germans, Englishmen, Scots,
Italians, and Spaniards Ill-prepared for the holy war; no knowledge of the geography,
climate, and culture of the Holy Land. No strategy to capture Jerusalem Jerusalem fell to the Muslim leader Saladin. Muslims were the victors
Third and fourth crusades Led by three powerful European monarchs Philip Augustus of
France, Frederick Barbarossa, and Richard the Lion hearted. Barbarossa drowned, Philip fought with Richard resulting in the
former’s retreat, Richard was the only one left. Richard fought with Saladin which resulted in a truce. Jerusalem
remained under the control of the Muslims. The fourth crusade = looting of Constantinople.
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Later Crusades
Children’s crusades Belief that God would give children
Jerusalem. Many died due to cold weather and
starvation. Others were either drowned or sold into
slavery. Spanish crusade
Reconquista and the Inquisition
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Effects of the Crusades
Byzantine Empire weakened Pope’s power declined due to the
failure of later Crusades Feudal nobles’ power weakened;
many knights died and lost their fortunes
Italian cities expanded trade and grew rich
Trade grew between Europe and Middle Ages.
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TWO POWERFUL FIGURES DURING THE CRUSADES
SALADIN
Most famous Muslim leader of the 11oos
Most devout man Christians called him
honest and brave Captured Jerusalem in
the Second Crusade
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Good-looking Charming Brave , graceful, gay
(?), and ruthless Responsible for the
slaughtering of 3,000 Muslim survivors
RICHARD THE LION-HEARTED
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History Journal #2
The Crusades left behind good and bad legacies. One of those bad legacies is the feeling of bitterness and hatred as displayed by the intolerance and prejudice of the Christians. There’s still a clear dispute between Christians and Muslims even up to now.
As social scientists, how can we put into rest this so-called religious discrimination?
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Assignment
EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES
THE CHURCH
THE BUBONIC PLAGUE
GOVERNMENT
CRUSADES
TRADE AND TOWNS
HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
EDUCATION
FARMING
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Try to answer the following questions.
1. What is the bubonic plague? How did it start? How did this weaken the manorial economy?
2. In what years did Europe’s first universities develop? Why were they created? Who were the usual students in these universities?
3. Why was there a shift of population from farms into towns? What was the relationship of towns to trade?
4. How did the Hundred Years’ War weakened feudal power?
5. Describe the emerging central governments in England and France during the medieval time.
6. How did farming increase population in the Medieval Ages?
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SUBMISSION OF HISTORY JOURNALS Cs – Nov 16 Sr – Nov 17 Be, K, Na- Nov 18 Open notes Quiz within the week. Be
prepared.