Download - Climate Responsive Design
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Climate Responsive Design
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Why Climate Responsive
Buildings account for 40% of the final energyconsumption
More than 60% of the energy used in the building is forheating/cooling and lighting.
Hence it can be reduced by better design using passivetechniques.
Correct design and construction can contribute todramatically decrease energy consumption and CO2emissions
Example: at average, each Passive house consumes 80% less energy
for heating than standard house; this translates into annual avoided CO2
emissions of 2.4 tonnes/year for one house
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Passive Systems
A Passive System provides indoor environments with heat, cold, ventilation
or light by using and controlling the natural energy flows which surround abuilding, such as solar radiation and wind
There is a range of passive systems and measures, suitable for different
climates
Examples of Passive Systems in traditional architecture:
Painting exterior walls white to keep houses cool in summer
Building thick, heavy walls, namely on brick and mud, both for insulation and
regulation of indoor temperature
Controlling daylight and solar gains by appropriate windows use
Promoting a microclimate near the house by use of water and vegetation
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Passive Systems
White washed houses and narrow streets in the Santa Cruz district of Seville, Spain. Just two of the
many different strategies employed by traditional architecture to keep houses cool in summer.
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Passive Design
The term Passive Design has come to indicate buildings which integrate
low energy active components such as pumps and fans, with PassiveSystems
The energy consumed by the active component remains significantly lower
than the energy content of the natural energy flow which the component
controls
In many cases the energy demand of the active system is so low that it can
be met economically and feasibly by a renewable energy source such as a
PV panel
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Thermal Comfort
Discussions on low energy buildings should not neglect that buildings must
provide comfortable environments in which to work, relax and play Comfort models describe quantitatively (based on large surveys of people)
in what range of conditions people will feel thermally comfortable inbuildings
Choosing too narrow a range of thermal conditions can lead tounnecessary consumption of energy
Comfort models evaluation may be based on a variety of parametersdepending on people, such as metabolic rate and clothing, but also onindoor (and outdoor) conditions, such as air temperature and humidity,radiant temperature, air velocity, thermal asymmetries
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CLIMATE
India has different climatic conditions ranging from extremely hot conditions to
severely cold conditions.
Energy availability is scarce and people have to protect themselves from these
extremities of the climate in a natural way.
Traditional architecture exhibits variety of building design suited to the respective
climatic conditions.
The month wise climatic data available for 233 stations spread over the whole country has been analysed by the CBRI, Roorkee.
The various climatic zones thus determined have been delineated on the map of the
country.
The various stations have been categorised under one or the other climatic zone if
their climate conformed for six or more months, otherwise it is placed under the
composite. zone
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FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
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Solar radiation
Solar radiation is
the radiant energy
received from the
sun.
It is the intensity of
sunrays falling per
unit time per unit
area and is usually
expressed in Watts
per square metre(W/m2).
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Solar radiation
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Temperature
The temperature of air in a shaded (but well ventilated) enclosure is
known as the ambient temperature; it is generally expressed indegree Celsius (C).
Temperature at a given site depends on wind as well as local factors
such as shading, presence of water body, sunny condition, etc.
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Air humidity
Air humidity, which represents the amount of moisture present in the
air, is usually expressed in terms of relative humidity.
Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the mass ofwater vapour
in a certain volume of moist air at a given temperature, to the mass
of water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same
temperature; it is normally expressed as a percentage.
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Precipitation
Precipitation includes water in all its forms rain, snow, hail or dew. It
is usually measured in millimeters (mm) by using a rain gauge.
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Wind
Wind is the movement of air due to a difference in atmospheric
pressure, caused by differential heating of land and water mass onthe earths surface by solar radiation and rotation of earth.
Wind speed can be measured by an anemometer and is usually
expressed in metres per second (m/s).
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Wind
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Classification of Climates
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Hot and Dry
lies in the western and the central part of India; Jaisalmer, Jodhpur
and Sholapur
flat with sandy or rocky ground conditions water level is very low.
Due to intense solar radiation (values as high as 800-950 W/m2),
the ground and the surroundings of this region are heated up very
quickly during day time. In summer, the maximum ambient temperatures are as high as 40
45 C during the day, and 2030 C at night. In winter, the values
are between 5 and 25 C during the day and 0 to 10 C at night. It
may be noted that the diurnal variation in temperature is quite high,
that is, more than 10 C
relative humidity is generally very low, ranging from 25 to 40 %
the annual precipitation being less than 500 mm
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Warm and Humid
The warm and humid zone covers the coastal parts of the country.
Some cities that fall under this zone are Mumbai, Chennai andKolkata
In summer, temperatures can reach as high as 30 35 C during the
day, and 25 30 C at night.
In winter, the maximum temperature is between 25 to 30 C duringthe day and 20 to 25 C at night.
the relative humidity, which is generally very high, about 70 90 %
throughout the year
Precipitation is also high, being about 1200 mm per year, or even
more.
The wind is generally from one or two prevailing directions with
speeds ranging from extremely low to very high. Wind is desirable in
this climate, as it can cause sensible cooling of the body.
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Moderate
Pune and Bangalore are examples of cities that fall under this
climatic zone. Areas having a moderate climate are generallylocated on hilly or high-plateau regions with fairly abundant
vegetation
The temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold. In summers, the
temperature reaches 30 34 C during the day and 17 24 C at
night. In winter, the maximum temperature is between 27 to 33 C
during the day and 16 to 18 C at night.
The relative humidity is low in winters and summers, varying from 20
55%, and going upto 55 90% during monsoons.
The total rainfall usually exceeds 1000 mm per year.
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Composite
The composite zone covers the central part of India. Some cities
that experience this type of climate are New Delhi, Kanpur andAllahabad.
The maximum daytime temperature in summers is in the range of 32
43 C, and night time values are from 27 to 32 C. In winter, the
values are between 10 to 25 C during the day and 4 to 10 C at
night.
The relative humidity is about 20 25 % in dry periods and 55 95
% in wet periods
Precipitation in this zone varies between 500 1300 mm per year.
This region receives strong winds during monsoons from the south-east and dry cold winds from the north-east. In summer, the winds
are hot and dusty
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Cold and Wet
Generally, the northern part of India experiences this type of climate.
Most cold and cloudy regions are situated at high altitudes.Ootacamund, Shimla, Shillong, Srinagar and Mahabaleshwar.
In summer, the maximum ambient temperature is in the range of 20
30 C during the day and 17 27 C at night, making summers
quite pleasant. In winter, the values range between 4 and 8 C
during the day and from -3 to 4 C at night, making it quite chilly.
The relative humidity is generally high and ranges from 70 80 %.
Annual total precipitation is about 1000 mm and is distributed evenly
throughout the year.
This region experiences cold winds in the winter season. Hence,protection from winds is essential in this type of climate.
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Cold and Dry
The cold and sunny type of climate is experienced in Leh (Ladakh).
The solar radiation is generally intense with a very low percentage
of diffuse radiation. In summer, the temperature reaches 17 24 C
during the day and 4 11 C at night.
In winter, the values range from -7 to 8 C during the day and -14 to
0 C at night. Winters thus, are extremely cold. The relative humidity is consistently low ranging from about 10 50
% and precipitation is generally less than 200 mm per year.
As this region experiences cold desert climatic conditions, the
design criteria are to resist heat loss by insulation and controlling
infiltration.
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE ON BUILDING
DESIGN
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney TablesTable-1 Data Input
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney TablesTable-1 Data Input
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney TablesTable-2 Diagnosis
M h T bl T bl 3 R d ti
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Passive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney TablesTable-3 Recommendations
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P i H T i i M d l f A hi d Pl
Mahoney TablesTable-4 Detailed Recommendations