Download - Cloning
![Page 1: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cloning
Dr. Abdelsalam Talafha, DVM
Diplomate, American College of Theriogenologists
![Page 2: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cloning
• Production of genetically identical individuals that have identical nuclear DNA
![Page 3: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cloning Technologies
1. Recombinant DNA technology• DNA cloning• Molecular cloning• Gene cloning
2. Reproductive cloning
3. Therapeutic cloning• Embryo cloning
![Page 4: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DNA Cloning
• Transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid
• Plasmids• Self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular
DNA molecules, distinct from normal bacterial genome
![Page 5: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
DNA Cloning - Uses
• Gene therapy• Genetic engineering of organisms• Genome sequencing
![Page 6: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Reproductive Cloning
• A technology used to generate an animal that has same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal
• Dolly• How Is Reproductive Cloning Done?
• Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
![Page 7: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
SCNT
• Starts with removal of polar body and chromosomes from an oocyte • Enucleated oocyte
• Donor cell then inserted into perivitelline space of enucleated oocyte
![Page 8: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SCNT
• Oocyte and donor cell are fused and activated by an electric pulse to begin cell division
• Developed embryos transferred to surrogate females
• Birth of an individual
![Page 9: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SCNT
• Sources of somatic cells• Cell from individual• Cells grown in culture• Frozen tissue
![Page 18: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Therapeutic Cloning
• Production of human embryos for use in research
• Goal • To harvest stem cells that can be used to
study human development and to treat disease
![Page 19: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Therapeutic Cloning
• Stem cells • Cells have ability to divide and give rise to
both specialized cells and more stem cells• Derived from
• Adults • Preimplantation embryos (Embryonic stem
cells)
![Page 20: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stem Cells
• Replacement cells to treat • Heart disease• Alzheimer's• Cancer• Diabetes• Parkinson's disease• Spinal cord injury
![Page 21: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SCNT- Potential Biotechnological Applications
• Harvesting donor cells from transgenic animal• Genetic modification of cultured donor cells
prior to nuclear transfer• Producing genetically modified cloned
offspring
![Page 22: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Genetically Modified Cloned Offspring
• Biotechnological applications • Production of pharmaceuticals• Xenotransplantation• Study and eradication of human disease• Improvement of livestock
![Page 23: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Production Of Pharmaceuticals
• Gene expressing human coagulation factor IX introduced into ovine fetal fibroblasts
• linked to another gene with a high level of expression in mammary gland
• Protein expressed in milk
![Page 24: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Production Of Pharmaceuticals
• Insulin for diabetes• Interferon for viral infections• Tissue plasminogen activator (which
dissolves blood clots)
![Page 25: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Xenotransplantation
• Aim:• To develop animals whose organs will not
cause an immunological response and destroy transplanted tissue when transferred to humans
![Page 26: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Xenotransplantation
• Pig organs• Hearts, lungs, kidneys, liver • Neural tissue for Parkinson's • Islets cells for diabetes patients
![Page 27: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Study Human Disease
• Sheep model to investigate human cystic fibrosis
• Cloned sheep used for drug testing and to evaluate new therapies
![Page 28: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Improvement Of Livestock
• Cloning animal with excellent traits• Production of a large number of clones from
high quality animals • Allow overall genetic improvement of herd
• Repopulate endangered animals
![Page 29: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Animal Cloning
• Sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, and mice• Cloning efforts in rabbits, rats, cats, dogs,
and horses are ongoing
![Page 30: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Risks Of Cloning
• Reproductive cloning expensive and highly inefficient
• > 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring
![Page 31: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Risks Of Cloning
• High rate of fetal loss during pregnancy • Compromised immune function • Higher rates of infection• Tumor growth• Early neonatal death • Abnormally large at birth• Die mysteriously
![Page 32: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Risks Of Cloning
• Cloned fetuses have abnormalities• Abnormal placentation• Pregnancy toxemia• Hydroallantois
![Page 33: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Should Humans Be Cloned?
• Due to• Inefficiency of animal cloning • Lack of understanding about reproductive
cloning• Risks of cloning
![Page 34: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Should Humans Be Cloned?
• Unethical to attempt to clone humans• Same problems would be expected in
human cloning• We do not know how cloning could impact
mental development
![Page 35: Cloning](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081602/5549fa05b4c9055b7a8b4957/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Should Humans Be Cloned?
• High risk to health of fetus or infant and mother
• Psychological risks for mother as a result of • Late spontaneous abortions • Birth of a stillborn child • Birth of a child with severe health problems