Commanding Infrastructure v. 2012
IB 8710/CIS 8220 – Day 2
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011
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Power of Ideas What themes were apparent in the materials for tonight?
In Commanding heights? Between readings?
An Infrastructure is?
The power of Infrastructure is…?
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 2
Themes National economic,
social and political histories and contexts US England Germany France Italy India China
• Match these:
• Control • Inflation • Unemployment • Planning • Colonial rule • Rationality of
science (economics = physics)
• Historical materialism (inevitability)
• Market failure • Scientific socialism • Compassionate
capitalism
• Eras – 1890’s – 1900’s – 1910’2 – 1920’s – 1930’s – 1940’s – 1950’s – 1960’s – 1970’s – 1980’s – 1990’s – 2000’s
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 3
An Infrastructure is? Basic facilities, services and installations needed to
sustain, maintain and aid the function of a system. This includes social systems such as communities, business or nations. Includes: electrical, water, communications,
transportation, command and control, public services and emergency systems
Often interlocked, interdependent and tightly coupled
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 4
The Power of Infrastructure (or lack thereof is…
Greater the economic development The larger and more complex the infrastructural systems
become And…?
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 5
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011
Internet future: an invisible global infrastructure?
Kleinrock’s (et al) goals. An internet broken into five elements
1. Internet technology will be available everywhere
2. It will be always accessible
3. It will be always on
4. Anyone will be able to plug in from any location with any device at any time
5. It will be invisible
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The Invisible Global Infrastructure
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 7
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011
Mistakes to be corrected #4 any location
We are nomads The old vision was a fixed ‘desktop’ Reality is mobile ubiquitous devices
#5- Invisibility The notion of the technologies disappearing into the
infrastructure (like electricity) Reality: I/O interfaces are still ‘in our face’
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CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011
Nomadicity (nomadic computing and communications)
System support needed to provide a rich set of capabilities and serves to the ‘nomad’
Convergence of telephony and computing
Portability is quite relative
Huge variation in equipment/devices Needs to be at home in foreign environments
Self awareness, locational awareness, self configuration Huge variability in connections
Wi-fi, wired, Wi-max, satallite, cell, gigabite, ultrawide…
The system needs to automatically adjust, greater dynamics The illusion of nomadicity even when NOT connected?
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And then came….
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011
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Embeddedness (embedded technology)
Smart spaces and smart appliances
In appliances, the walls, clothing, eyeglasses, cars and bicycles, rooms, beds, watches, belts, and even….our body! RFID is but the tip of the iceberg Swipe cards, digital cash The whole of our physical environment
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 11
Ubiquity (ubiquitous access)
Internet service available anywhere and anytime globally Huge expense in building the back bone and delivering the “last
mile” Wireless address some of the last mile problem
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 12
The Invisible Global Infrastructure
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 13
Distributed Intelligence Adaptive intelligent software or machine agents on the
network decide How, what, what format to send say images
E.g., Colour hi-resolution or B/W low-resolution?
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Understanding Infrastructures “to stimulate thought in pursuit of truth”*
John Hupp January 2008
CIS Department Robinson College of Business
* Brand Blanchard
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011
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Topics The Challenge of Definition
Problems with Infrastructure Knowledge
Major Classes of Infrastructures
The Big Three – The Core of All Infrastructures
Infrastructure Interrelationships
Infrastructures and Creative Destruction
Applying Our Lack of Knowledge - Globalization
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 16
The Challenge of Definition Definitions
Wiki Dictionary: An underlying base or foundation especially for an
organization or system The basic facilities, services and installations needed for
the functioning of a community or society
OED: A collective term for the subordinate parts of an
undertaking; substructure, foundation
What’s In and What’s Out In – assets, resources, services, systems, processes… Out – people, products…
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Problems with Infrastructure Knowledge
Lack of Agreement on a Framework of Understanding No Taxonomy No measurable criteria for qualitative & quantitative evaluations
Lack of Integration Among Differing Infrastructures Little research on the relationships among infrastructures Interoperability among differing infrastructure types
E.g. Healthcare and Education not integrated E.g. Environmental and Civil often conflict
Lack of Understanding of Relationships Creates vulnerabilities and security issues Conflict of priorities and systems enables breakdowns Relational dependencies may be ignored or missed
Lack of Unified Coordination and Management Creates variances that obstruct or damage others Inhibits planning and standardization
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Major Classes of Infrastructures Core
Social Political Economic
Enablers ITC Healthcare Civil Education …
Leisure Entertainment Parks & Forests …
III. Leisure II. Enablers
I. Core
Family
Tribe/Clan
City/State
Nation
Globe
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The Big Three – The Core of All Infrastructures
Purpose: to create & distribute Social: values Political: power Economic: wealth
Quick Tests of Maturity Social: unified identity Political: loyal dissent Economic: property rights
Quick Performance Measures Social: inclusivity Political: individual rights Economic: GDP & earnings/capita
Continuous Evolution Creative destruction* Organic integration and
interdependence
Political Economic
Social
* Joseph Schumpeter
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 20
Infrastructure Interrelationships
Full Mesh Integration All Infrastructures
Depend Upon All Other Infrastructures
The Core Creates Potential Enablers Improve the
Core
Responsible Groups From family to globe Continuous interactions
Relationships Limit the Capabilities Drive the Mesh Enable Balance
Political Economic
Social
Healthcare Civil ITC Education
Environment Transport Energy Military
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 21
Infrastructures and Creative Destruction
Definition: Process of transformation that accompanies radical
innovation Schumpeter - innovative entry by entrepreneurs is
A force that sustains long-term economic growth… As it destroys the value of established companies
Infrastructure Innovation sustains continuous growth and expansion
‘Lasers in the jungle’ effects Cargo containers, stand-alone water plants, steel
production Must destroy itself and re-invent itself continuously Evolutionary capacity critical to sustainability
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 22
Applying Our Lack of Knowledge - Globalization
Nation-Building World history of winning the war and losing the game* No unified global force for infrastructure
Development – Innovation – Security – Deployment
Continuous Innovation Consumers & investors demand it – they have the
power Globalization is the result not the cause No zero-sum game
Infrastructure Game Control the platform; control the game 3 Choices: player, maker, or change the game Infrastructure changes the game
* See “Charlie Wilson’s War”
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 23
Conclusions Three Questions
In US Presidential campaign What are the top issues How do they require infrastructure and which ones
In Iraq Evaluate the war in terms of infrastructure How do we win What is the mission
What are your top 3 infrastructure innovations needed What other infrastructures are required How do these innovations affect the other infrastructures
CIS 8220 / IB 8710 International Information Technology Issues and Policy Copyright © Dr. Duane Truex, 2011 24