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Harnessing technologies to prevent early school leaving
Gráinne Conole, University of Leicester20th September 2013
ETUCE Workshop – ICT and early school leavingAthens, Greece
National Teaching
Fellow 2012 Ascilite fellow 2012EDEN fellow 2013
About me…
• Irish but living in England• PhD in Chemistry• Two girls (14 and 18)• Professor of Learning
Innovation at the University of Leicester
Institute of Learning Innovation
• Research• Teaching• Supervision• Consultancy• Visiting scholars• Institutional advice
Outline
• Why e-learning?• E-learning timeline and
digital landscapes• Emergent technologies• Pedagogical approaches• Learning design and digital
literacies• Challenges for education
Why e-learning?
• For learning– Potential to support interaction, communication and
collaboration– Developing digital literacy skills– Promoting different pedagogical approaches– Fostering creativity and innovation– Connecting students beyond the formal course– Helping to prevent early school drop out
• For life– Preparing students for an uncertain future– Improving employability opportunities– Increased importance of technology in society
E-Learning timelineM
ultim
edia
reso
urce
s
80s
The
Inte
rnet
and
the
Web
93
Lear
ning
Man
agem
ent S
yste
ms
95
Ope
n Ed
ucati
onal
Res
ourc
es
01
Mob
ile d
evic
es
98
Gam
ing
tech
nolo
gies
00So
cial
and
par
ticip
ator
y m
edia
04
Virt
ual w
orld
s
05
E-bo
oks
and
smar
t dev
ices
Mas
sive
Ope
n O
nlin
e Co
urse
s
07 08
Lear
ning
Des
ign
99
Lear
ning
obj
ects
94
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/interp/rectorsconference2012/files_en/index2_en.html
Digital landscapes
http://wronghands1.wordpress.com/2013/03/31/vintage-social-networking/
Open
Social
Distributed
Participatory Distributed
Networked
Complex Dynamic
Conole and Alevizou, 2010
Technological trends
• MOOCs • Tablet computing• Games and gamification• Learning analytics• 3D-printing• Wearable technologies
http://www.nmc.org/horizon-project
Innovating pedagogy
• MOOCs• Badges to accredit learning• Learning analytics• Seamless learning• Crowd learning• Digital scholarship• Geo-learning• Learning from gaming• Maker Culture• Citizen inquiry
http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/innovating/http://www.menon.org/matel/
Pedagogical approaches
Drill & practicelearning
Mobilelearning
Situated learning
Immersive learning
Drill and practice learning
Study calendarsE-booksLearning resourcesOnline modulesAnnotation toolsMind mapping toolsCommunication mechanisms
Mobile learning
Mobile is important
• In mid-2012, 51% of UK citizens owned a smartphone (The Paypers, 2012)
• 14% of adults in Europe owned tablet in 2012 (Lomas, 2013)
• 35% of UoL Medical School 3rd years own an iPad
Terese Bird
Flexibility and mobility
Small, compact size
Readability
Easy on the eyes
Access from a single device without internet
Portability Capacity
Long battery life
Continue reading, Bookmark
Photo by Kzeng on Flickr
Photo by Yummy Pancake on Flickr Terese Bird
Situated learning
Archeological digsMedical wardsArt exhibitionsCyber-lawVirtual language exchangeBeyond formal schooling http://www.jibbigo.com/
SWIFT – Learning in virtual worldsFeatures:• Harnesses imagination• Experiential learning• Creates learning context• Computer as personal tutor
Example applications:• Practical subjects• Language practice• Abstract concepts• Artistic creation
Paul Rudman
SCENE – Problem-Based Learning (PBL)
Aims:• Promote the use of PBL
as a teaching method in the EU
• Train teachers, trainers and head teachers on PBL pedagogy
Online coursevideo, discussion
forums, virtual classrooms
PBL repositoryTo share PBL
scenarios
Virtual Facilitator
To assist learners
Paul Rudman and Pal Edirisingha
Immersive learning
Promise and reality
Social and participatory media offer new ways to communicate and collaborate
Wealth of free resources and tools
Not fully exploited
Replicating bad pedagogy
Lack of time and skills
The 7Cs of Learning DesignConceptualise
Vision
CommunicateCapture ConsiderCollaborate
Activities
Combine
Synthesis
Consolidate
Implementation
http://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/oer/oers/beyond-distance-research-alliance/7Cs-toolkit
Conceptualise
• Vision for the course, including:– Why, who and what you want to
design– The key principles and
pedagogical approaches– The nature of the learners
Conceptualise
Course Features
6 design frames
Personas
Course features• Pedagogical approaches• Principles• Guidance and support• Content and activities• Reflection and demonstration• Communication and collaboration
http://cloudworks.ac.uk/cloud/view/5950
Principles
Theory based Practice based Cultural
Aesthetics
Political
International Serendipitous Community based
Sustainable
Professional
Pedagogical approaches
Inquiry based Problem based Case based
Dialogic
Situative
Vicarious Didactic Authentic
Constructivist
Collaborative
Guidance & Support
Learning pathway Mentoring Peer support
Scaffolded
Study skills
Tutor directed Help desk Remedial support
Library support
Step by step
Content & Activities
Brainstorming Concept mapping Annotation
Assimilative
Jigsaw
Aggregating resources
Learner generatedcontent
Information handling
Pyramid
Modeling
Reflection & Demonstration
Diagnostic E-Assessment E-Portfolio
Formative
Summative
Peer feedback Vicarious Presentation
Reflective
Feed forward
Communication & Collaboration
Structured debate Flash debate Group project
Group aggregation
Grouppresentation
Pair debate For/Against debate Question & Answer
Group project
Peer critique
Capture
• Finding and creating interactive materials– Undertaking a resource audit of
existing OER– Planning for creation of
additional multimedia such as interactive materials, podcasts and videos
– Mechanism for enabling learners to create their own content
Capture
Resource Audit
Learner Generate Content
Communicate
• Designing activities that foster communication, such as:– Looking at the affordances of
the use of different tools to promote communication
– Designing for effective online moderating
Communicate
Affordances
E-moderating
Collaborate
• Designing activities that foster collaboration, such as:– Looking at the affordances of
the use of different tools to promote collaboration
– Using CSCL (collaborative) Pedagogical Patterns such as JIGSAW, Pyramid, etc.
Collaborate
Affordances
CSCL Ped. Patterns
Consider
• Designing activities that foster reflection
• Mapping Learning Outcomes (LOs) to assessment
• Designing assessment activities, including– Diagnostic, formative,
summative assessment and peer assessment
Collaborate
LOs/Assessment
Assessment Ped. Patterns
Combine
• Combining the learning activities into the following:– Course View which provides a
holistic overview of the nature of the course
– Activity profile showing the amount of time learners are spending on different types of activities
– Storyboard: a temporal sequence of activities mapped to resources and tools
– Learning pathway: a temporal sequence of the learning designs
Combine
Course View
Activity Profile
Storyboard
Learning Pathway
Course View
E-tivity Rubric: http://tinyurl.com/SPEED-e5
Purpose: To start mapping out your module/course, including your plans for guidance and support, content and the learner experience, reflection and demonstration, and communication and collaboration.
Activity profile
• Types of learner activities– Assimilative– Information Handling– Communication– Production– Experiential– Adaptive– Assessment
Start End
Learning OutcomesLO1LO2LO3LO4
Assessment LO1LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 1Topic 1
Week 2Topic 2
Week 3Topic 3
Week 4Topic 4
Consolidate
• Putting the completed design into practice– Implementation: in the classroom,
through a VLE or using a specialised Learning Design tool
– Evaluation of the effectiveness of the design
– Refinement based on the evaluation findings
– Sharing with peers through social media and specialised sites like Cloudworks
Combine
Implementation
evaluation
Refinement
Sharing
The METISIntegrated Learning Design Environment
• Conceptualize• Author• Implement
http://ilde.upf.edu/
Challenges facing edcuation
• Disaggregation of Education
• The new for new digital literacy skills
• Supporting learning from enrolment to completion http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrsdkrebs/6400358699/
Resources Learning pathways
Support Accreditation
Disaggregation of education
http://openclipart.org/
Resources
• Over ten years of the Open Educational Resource (OER) movement
• Hundreds of OER repositories worldwide
• Presence on iTunesU Podcasts - iTunes U
The OPAL metromap
http://www.oer-quality.org/
Evaluation shows lack of uptake by teachers and learnersShift from development to community building and articulation of OER practice
POERUP outputs
• An inventory of more than 100 OER initiatives http://poerup.referata.com/wiki/Countries_with_OER_initiatives
• 11 country reports and 13 mini-reports http://poerup.referata.com/wiki/Countries
• 7 in-depth case studies• 3 EU-wide policy papers
OER community case studies
• 7 case studies– Futurelearn– OER University– MOOC UVA– BC Campus– Wikiwijs– HwB– Book in progress
• Data collection– Survey– Interviews
• Methodology– Social Network Analysis
to identify the nature of the interactions and key players
POERUP outputs
The emergence of MOOCs
• CCK08 – Connectivist MOOC (cMOOC)– Siemens, Downes and Cormier– Evaluation (Fini, 2009)
– http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/643/1402• Emergence of large-scale xMOOCs• UK-based FutureLearn• What are MOOCs?
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eW3gMGqcZQc• List of MOOCs
– http://www.mooc-list.com/ • EFQUEL series of blogs
– http://mooc.efquel.org/
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
FreeDistributed global community
Social inclusion
High dropout ratesLearning income not learning outcome
Marketing exercisehttp://alternative-educate.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/audio-ascilite-2012-great-debate-moocs.html
Dimension Characteristics
ContextOpen Degree to which the MOOC is open
Massive How large the MOOC is
Diversity The diversity of the learners
Learning
Use of multimedia Extent of use of rich multimedia
Degree of communication Amount of communication incorporated
Degree of collaboration Amount of collaboration incorporated
Amount of reflection Ways in which reflection is encouraged
Learning pathway Degree to which the learning pathway is supported
Quality assurance Degree of quality assurance
Certification Mechanisms for accreditation
Formal learning Feed into formal learning offerings
Autonomy Degree of learner autonomy
A taxonomy of MOOCs
http://e4innovation.com/?p=727
Learning pathways
• Guided pathways through materials
• Can promote different pedagogical approaches– Associative– Constructivist– Situative– Connectivist
Collaborative Pedagogical Patterns
Support
• Computer assisted• Peer support• Tutor support• Community support• Mentoring
Accreditation
www.p2pu.org/en/Peer to Peer University
wikieducator.org/OER_university/OER University
http://openbadges.org/Mozilla badges
Tackling early school leaving
• Technologies can assist by providing virtual support on:– Advice on effective study skills– Listening to students’
concerns– Creating a virtual community
of peers– Providing rich multimedia
resources– Offering ideas on post-school
opportunities
Conclusion
• Nature of learning, teaching and research is changing
• Changing roles• Technology Enhanced
Learning spaces• It’s about
– Harnessing new media– Adopting open practices
• New business models are emerging
http://www.slideshare.net/GrainneConolehttp://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/beyond-distance-research-alliance
[email protected]://e4innovation.com
References• Conole, G. (2010) Review of pedagogical frameworks and models and
their use in e-learning, http://cloudworks.ac.uk/cloud/view/2982. • Conole, G. and P. Alevizou (2010) Review of the use(s) of Web 2.0 in
Higher Education. • Conole, G., M. Dyke, et al. (2004). "Mapping pedagogy and tools for
effective learning design." Computers and Education 43(1-2): 17-33.• Dewey, J. (1916). Experience and Nature. New York, Dover.• Jarvis, P. (2004). Adult education and lifelong learning. London,
RoutledgeFalmer.• Laurillard, D. (2002). Rethinking university teaching, Routledge %@
0415256798, 9780415256797.• Secker, J.(2011), http://www.slideshare.net/seckerj/information-
literacy-e-learning-and-the-changing-role-of-the-librarian• Learning Design workshop resources http://tinyurl.com/LD-workshop