Download - D-STAR 101 Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team Presented by Texas Interconnect Team K5TIT
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Presented by
Texas Interconnect TeamK5TIT
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
IntroductionsJim McClellan N5MIJ Pete Loveall AE5PLLisa McClellan K5LRM Gerry Dalton W5MAYBill Moore N5ZPR Al Shjarback K1DOFred Varian WD5ERD
All Users. We can talk about reality!
Session is being recorded. Please hold questions until asked.No additional recording or photography permitted.
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
D-STAR owned by JARL– Not owned by manufacturers– Not Public Domain
Disclaimer– Not going to debate “what should be” or “why didn’t they…”
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
D-STAR Gateway owned by Icom– Not Public Domain or Open Source– May not be copied, shared or redistributed
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Version 1.2 of D-STAR in USA(?)– Ver 1.0 – Dec ’03, No Gateway, 2 users– Ver 1.1 – Jan ’05, Gateway, More users, systems– Ver 1.2 – May ’06, VHF/UHF repeaters, more new users &
systems
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Objectives– Convey enough information to allow use of new hardware
Repeater installationGateway, if chosenUser Radios
– Convey sufficient Gateway information to allow you to join and protect D-Star network
– Some information on 3rd party applications developed– Gateway Certification Exam for new trustees
No Sales Effort – Just real results & infoTight Schedule – lots of material
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Introduction to D-STAR
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
D-STAR is not necessarily what we expect– Forget everything you think you know about repeaters.– Forget everything you think you know about networking.
Existing knowledge will help, IF you can ignore assumptions!
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
D-STAR summary– Simultaneous digital voice and data– Better Spectral Efficiency– Better Performance– Applications, Applications, Applications
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
D-Star vs. FM OperationFM
Frequency, Offset, PL
Control codes, if available, for linking
D-STARFrequency, Offset, Mode, Call Signs (up to 4!)
Gateway OperationUser Linking, not site linking
No person-to-person private conversations. Everyone on both ends hears both sides of the conversation.
Probable confusion from D-STAR linking vs. normal experience
Will explore in detail later in class
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
Site Equipment ProgrammingRP2C
Programmed via Ethernet. You MUST know its address!Default 172.16.0.1
Recommend 172.16.10
Recommend labeling RP2C with 172.16.0.x address
Parameters for Repeaters (suggestion)23 cm on Port ‘A’
70 cm on Port ‘B’
2 m on Port ‘C’
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
Site Equipment ProgrammingRP2V, RP2000V, RP4000V
Programmed individually via USB. Multiple COM ports, unless over- ridden
Tx Freq
Rx Freq
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
Site Equipment ProgrammingRP2D
Programmed via USB. Multiple COM ports, unless over-riddenFreq
Offset
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
Other Site EquipmentPA’s
Duplexers
Filters
Feedline
Antenna
Impact of Window Filters on System Performance
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Introduction to D-STAR
Questions/Discussion
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Overview
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Overview
Gateway FunctionsAuthorization– Nothing crosses gateway if not authorized
– Local usage unaffected
Routing– Allows very cellular-like roaming
• Timing constraints, to be discussed a bit later. Not immediate
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Overview
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Overview
D-Star GatewaysIdentical Implementations
Call sign, Internet Address, & MAC address change
Benefits
Specific Network segments & recommendations172.16.0.x (172.16.0.1 -> 172.16.0.10)
10.0.0.x (NO CHANGES* No additions!)
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Overview
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Overview
Gateway RequirementsFixed, Routable Internet IP Address
Router must support Class ‘A’ Network on LAN Port
Router must support Port Forwarding
PC, with two NIC’s, Linux, as specified
Unique call required, probably club call (NOT Trustee!)
Gateway PC and RP2C must be co-locatedVPN testing
NY & CA examples
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Overview
Users all have Fixed IP AddressesIP Address only used on device on other side of ID-1
Radios are transparent bridges
IP address not used for voice or low-speed data
Use of multiple ID’sUse when multiple radios in use at same time
(ie: ID-800 for voice, ID-1 for data)
Routing all done by Call Sign, must differentiate
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Overview
Gateway Call RoutingAll calls are source-routed
Originating gateway determines complete route to output port/band
No modification/rerouting by target Gateway
Creates potential problems – discuss in later segment
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Overview
SummaryAll Gateways configured identically
Allows “roaming”
Gateways require Fixed Internet address
Gateway routers have MUST support Class ‘A’ LAN
Gateway PC must be at site with RP2C
Users all have fixed IP address assigned
Radios are transparent bridges
Gateway calls are Source-Routed
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Overview
Questions/Discussion
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
Gateway driven by 3 data tablesGIP - list of known Gateway systems
RIP - list of IP Block reservations for users
MNG - list of users and most recent Gateway
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
Primary Data Tables in MEMORYDisk files are backups of last generation
No way to directly edit memory tablesMNG has limited “delete”
Indirect editing only“write”/edit/”read”
synchronization issues
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
Boot sequence of new gatewaySynchronizes with TRUST_SERVER
Pulls GIP, RIP, & MNG tables
Contacts EVERY Gateway in GIP table for sync
Database is replicated, not distributed
Network is full-mesh, not hierarchical
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
Periodic Gateway SyncDaily
Whenever contacts are made inter-zoneTiming?
Problems resulting from Gateway sync timingUsers unable to hear directed calls
(source routing!)
Propagation of errors throughout networkHard to remove
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
How to force clean start
Shut down gateway processes – dsgwd & dsipsvd
Completely clear /var/dsipsvd directory
Reboot GatewayTables in memory not cleared if processes restarted
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
Potentially many independent D-STAR networks
All based on definition of TRUST_SERVER
System cannot participate in multiple networks
would cross-sync and merge networks
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
Summary
Three primary tables – GIP, RIP, & MNG tables
Primary tables are in memory
Disk files are backup
Gateway pull initial tables from TRUST_SERVER
Cannot directly edit tables
Process for cleaning & restarting
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway and Data File Concepts
Questions/Discussion
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Break
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
Process OverviewBuild System
Test & Validate with Icom Test System
Completely clear the system
Change to production TRUST_SERVER
Reboot
Test & Validate
Importance of Validation on Test System vs. Production
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
Building the GatewayRS-RP2C Setting Manual – READ FIRST!
Linux Installation Fedora Core 4. FC 5 Not yet verified.
Watch configuration of ‘named’. Manual not clear
Test & validate ‘named’ as described in manual
Generally, don’t run GUI – set runlevel as instructed
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
Router InformationNeed MAC address of LAN port on router
Many have labels. Some are correct.
‘arp’ command will always give correct data.
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
Gateway InstallationRun the ‘tar’ command from the ‘/’ directory!
Follow instructions to copy .conf files
Configure /etc/dsgwd.conf & /etc/dsipsvd.confSet TRUST_SERVER to TEST SYSTEM!
Configure /etc/syslog.conf for log files – VERY helpful!
Create /var/dsipsvd
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
Startup of GATEWAY
MANUAL IS WRONGSignificant typo on p.6!
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
Correct StartupBoth processes running (dsgwd * dsipsvd)
ps –aef | grep dstar
Complete set of files in /var/dsipsvd (GIP, RIP, MNG)
No errors in /var/log/dsipsvd.log
If errors, review log files. Most likely errors:
Incorrect router MAC address
Incorrectly configured ‘named’
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
Test ProcessCoordinate with Icom Tech Support for use of Test System
Verify system running correctly
Execute ONE (1!) ‘reserve’ command
Add ONE (1!) user (yourself)
Execute ‘push mng’ command
Coordinate test QSO with Icom Tech Support
When correctly validated, they’ll give you information on production TRUST_SERVER (USRoot)
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
Moving to ProductionClear system
Change TRUST_SERVER
Reboot
Execute ONE (1!) ‘reserve’ command
Add ONE (1!) user (Yourself)
Execute ‘push mng’
Coordinate test QSO
Add additional users as requiredExecute addional ‘reserve’ commands as required
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
Command QueuesAll interaction with Gateway is via command queues
/var/dsipsvd-cmdin & /var/dsipsvd-cmdout
Most commands should generate ‘200 Command OK’
Otherwise, look in log files for error details/var/log/dsgwd.log
/var/log/dsipsvd.log
Limited help available via ‘help’ command
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
SummaryTake your time in installation, follow instructions
Pay attention to typo on p.6 of manual
Test with Icom Tech Support to validate
Join Production network
Be prudent in use of ‘reserve’ command
Watch log files for error descriptions
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Installation & Verification
Questions/Discussion
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Gateway Operations
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Operations
Four call signs used
MYCALL – Call sign of the originating station
URCALL – Call sign of the desired target station, or CQCQCQ
RPT1 – Call sign (& port) of the originating repeater
RPT2 – Call sign & designator of the gatewayCan also be used for designated local cross-band use
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Operations
RegistrationNo registration required for local use
No call sign required for local use !!!!
No private conversations both ends hear all
User linking, not site linkingNot all users on site can participate
Opportunity for confusion!!!
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Operations
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Operations
Multiple ways to traverse GatewayUser-Specific call
“Follow-me Roaming”
Sync Timing IssuesSource Routing & gateway sync timing create inability to hear a
user- specific call – illustrate in a moment.
Zone callExample - URCALL = ‘/K5TIT’
Specific routing of zone call – defaults to Port ‘A’
Port-specific zone callExample – URCALL = ‘/K5TIT C’
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D-STAR 101Gateway Operations
Source Routing vs. Sync TimingCreates inability to receive User-specific call
Discuss example
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D-STAR 101Gateway Operations
User ConcernsUser “error codes”
‘UR *’
‘RPT ?’
‘Did I make the repeater?’Courtesy tone discussion
Problems with full-duplex operation
‘Kerchunking a D-STAR systemNo squelch tail
Call known bad user, (ie: WN5ABC), should return ‘UR *’
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Operations
Interfacing Digital and Analog SystemsTechnically possible – of course!
LimitationsAnalog users can’t vary call signs like URCALL & RPT2
Analog users can’t participate in all conversations
Creates impression of “D-STAR doesn’t work”
Analog users can’t see any included dataD-STAR repeaters pass all D-STAR encoded voice and data.
Also allows use of applications, discussed later
Good use of analog/digital interfaceEmergency situation, no gateway, local-only
MUST limit confusion
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Operations
Questions/Discussion
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D-STAR 101
Public Relations & promotion of D-Star with new & existing users. (LISA)
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Adding New Users
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D-STAR 101
Call sign length and why
Call sign modifier, who needs them, and how to handle them.
DNS alias
Command line
Checking the results
Local Registrar
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Call signs
Call signs must have a total length of eight characters.
The 8th column contains the Port ID or Modifier for a user.
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D-STAR 101
Call sign modifier
Who needs them
How to handle them
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Call sign modifiers
This is the extra letter placed in the 8th column of a user’s call sign.
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D-STAR 101
Who needs them
Users that need more than a single ID.
Any user that will have two or more radios in use at the same time.
Any user that needs more than one IP address.
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D-STAR 101
How to handle them
The recommended convention is a letter added to the 8th column.
Example
N5ZPR**B
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
DNS Alias
This applies the local DNS entry for D-Star.
Call sign in lower case
A “-” between a modifier and the call sign
Example
n5zpr
n5zpr-b
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Add Command
Call Sign (Upper Case)
Area Repeater (Upper Case)
Zone Repeater (Upper Case)
Zone Public IP Address
Assigned IP Address
DNS Alias
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D-STAR 101
Entering Command
This is done from the Linux command prompt
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D-STAR 101
Check the Results
Check output queue
Check the MNG table
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
Local Registrar
Each system should have a local Registrar. Someone to keep track of who was assigned what IP address. That person should also be the one who adds users.
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D-STAR 101
User Configurations
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D-STAR 101Applications
Questions/Discussion
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
DStarMonitor
Activity Monitor
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D-STAR 101
• Java Application– Runs on Gateway server– Requires Java 1.5.0 or above– Uses jPCAP (port monitor)– Uses JDBC (mySQL driver for dstarusers.org)
• Activity monitor on Gateway <-> Controller IP link
DStarMonitor
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Station ID
• All station presence is reported to the Gateway from the Controller, even RF-only
• RF-only does not identify type of activity
• RF<->Gateway activity identifies type of activity (DV or DD)
• Only IDs reported from the controller recorded
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101Gateway Activity
• DV activity totaled per transmission for one record
• DD activity reported for each IP packet
• Packets not recorded, just stations, times, time spans, and packet sizes
• Use these records for Gateway usage accounting
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101DStarMonitor
Internet
Router
Data Repeater Voice Repeater
Gateway Server
Controller
Repeater Site
JDBC to SQL
DStarMonitor
jPCAP
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101dstarusers.org
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101dstarusers.org
• Controlled access to MySQL
• Must open firewall port for your gateway
• Register your system on-line at:
• http://www.d-starusers.org/gwreg1.php
• Sysop will send you return email with further details
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D-STAR 101
D-PRS
Icom GPS/APRS Gateway
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101D-PRS
• Icom implements GPS reporting on DV
• GPS is carried on standard DV data channel
• APRS Interfaces Developed– javAPRSSrvr – IGate (gateway to APRS-IS)– DStarTNC2 – APRS client interface– DGate – TNC-X D-STAR->APRS RF Interface
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
javAPRSSrvr/DStarTNC2
• Java/J# based
• Bidirectional
• DV error detection
• Loop protection
• Icom GPS supported
• APRS TNC2 format supported
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
D-PRSAPRS-IS
DStar Radio
3 WireRS232
javAPRSIGatejavAPRSIGate
DSTARIntefaceTNCInterfaceTo/From
Serial Port
Server
TCP/IPto
APRS-IS
IPAPRS-IS
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
D-PRSAPRS Client
DStar Radio
APRS/SerialClient
3 WireRS232
APRS ClientAPRS Client
Serial ClientSerial Client
DStarTNC2
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
To/FromSerial Port
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Copyright © 2006 – Texas Interconnect Team
D-STAR 101
D-PRSD-STAR Repeaters