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A REPORT ON
DESIGN OF EVAPORATOR FOR AN EFFLUENT
TREATMENT PLANT
Submitted by
Mehta MitulArjunbhai (090490119049) Patel RajankumarDineshbhai (090490119039) Patel YogeshkumarNatubhai (100493119007) Patel Kripalkantilal (090490119063) Patel NiharkumarAshwinbhai (090490119002) Prajapati JigarkumarIshvarbhai (090490119037)
In fulfilment the award of the degree
Of
Bachelor of engineering
InMechanical
S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH
CENTRE, UMRAKH, BARDOLI
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GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the dissertation entitled DESIGN OF EVAPORATOR FORAN EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT has been carried out by
Mehta MitulArjunbhai (090490119049) Patel RajankumarDineshbhai (090490119039) Patel YogeshkumarNatubhai (100493119007) Patel Kripalkantilal (090490119063) Patel NiharkumarAshwinbhai (090490119002) PrajapatiJigarkumarIshvarbhai (090490119037)
Under my guidance in fulfilment of the degree of bachelor of engineering in
mechanical department of GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
AHMADABAD during the academic year 2012-2013.
DATE: 13-10-2012
MR. VIPUL R. PATEL MR. ARJUN B. MEHTA
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(Internal project guide) (External project guide)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
After the several months of work, it took to produce the few pages before you, a
few people that were support to this project need to be thanked. First and most of all Prof.
Mr. Vipul R. Patel for his supervision of the project and freedom he left for me to choose most
of the project direction and working hours.Also i would like to thanks Mr. Arjun B. Mehtafor all technical support and guidance.I would like to thank Dr. Piyush s. Jain, who gave me
the opportunity to work on this project and helped to get industrial experience as well.Thanks to everybody around who has always provided a perfect environment for the research
and development at all levels.
Finally, I would like to thank my friends, for their support both emotionally and
financially, in completing this endeavor. I sincerely appreciate their patience and
understanding while waiting for me to complete our project. I would like to
acknowledge their comments and suggestions, which was crucial for the successfulcompletion of this study. Without their overwhelming positive influence on my project, I
would not have been able to achieve our goals.
Last but not the least, I humble the God almighty for every success in my life.
Thank you.
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NOMENCULATURE
Mfmass of feed water.
Msmass of solute
Msmass of steam
M2mass of thick liquor
W1 weight of solute in feed water
W2weight of solute in thick liquor
latent heat of vaporization of saturated water
slatent heat of condensation steam
Qs rate of heat transfer
Cpfspecific heat of feed solution
Aarea of heat transfer
T temperature difference
Tscondensing steam temperature
TBoiling point of solution
Ntnumber of tubes,
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L length of tube , m
U overall heat transfer co-efficient
ddiameter of tube
LIST OF FIGURE
Sr No. Figure Name Page No.1 Open Pan Evaporator 92 Horizontal Type Evaporator 10345
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CHAPTER:1
INTRODUCTION
1: Introduction:
Effluent treatment plant is used to treat the waste water generated in company. It separates the water and sludge and purifies the water. Now waste water generated is in very large amount so we are treating it in etp
plant and reusing it and those which are not treated biologically or contains excess
salts we are evaporating it instead of discharging.
And the remaining liquor we are getting, we will dry it and would dispatch it tosolid waste site.
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1.1: Working:
1)Preliminary Treatment
includes simple processes that deal with debris and solid material. The
purpose of preliminary treatment is to remove those easily separable
components. Thisis usually performed by screening (usually by bar
screens) and grit removal. Their removal isimportant in order to increase
the effectiveness of the later treatment processes and preventdamages to
the pipes, pumps and fittings
.2)Primary Treatment
is mainly the removal of solids by settlement. Simple settlement of
thesolid material in sewage can reduce the polluting load by significant
amounts. It can reduce
BOD by up to 40%. Some examples of primary treatment is septic tanks,
septic tanks with upflow filters, Imhoff tanks.
3)Secondary Treatment
In secondary treatment the organic material that remains in thewastewater
is reduced biologically. Secondary treatment actually involves harnessing
andaccelerating the natural process of waste disposal whereby bacteria
convert organic matter
to stable forms. Both aerobic and anaerobic processes are employed in
secondarytreatment. Some examples of secondary treatment are UASB,
reed bed systems, trickling filters and stabilisation ponds.
4)Tertiary treatment
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is the polishing process whereby treated effluent is further purified
toacceptable levels for discharge. It is usually for the removal of specific
pollutants e.g.nitrogen or phosphorus or specific industrial pollutants.
Tertiary treatment processes aregenerally specialised processes. Some
examples of tertiary treatment are banks clarifiers,
grass plots, etc.
5) Evaporator
Open pan evaporator
Fig 1.1 Open Pan Evaporator
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fig 1.3 vertical tub evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
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1.2: Objective:
The objective of the thesis is to formulate the design calculation procedure for an
Evaporator of an effluent treatment plant. In this we are going to calculate the amount of water
evaporated, the amount of thick liquor obtained,steam consumption, area of evaporator and
according to it we would perform minor design
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1.3: Application:
By designing of effluent treatment plant, the application of this plant is the treatment of waste
water in all the chemical industries , pharmaceutical industries, paper mills, refineries, and many
more industries use the effluent treatment plant for distillation of water. There are different
chemical in particular company so the process of effluent treatment of that particular plant is
different but the concept of plant is same, which is distillation of water.
1.4: Advantages:
Eco friendly Company can be easily expanded by getting permission from gpcb. New companies would get the permission of production. Aquatic animals life would not be disturbed. Destruction to human life would be reduced. Innovation to new types of disease would be reduced. Overall water pollution would be controlled.
1.5: Drawbackis:
Investment cost of an evaporator.
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CHAPTER:2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1:LITERATURE REVIEW:
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CHAPTER: 3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Mass of thick liquorSolute in feed = Solute in thick solution
W1 mf = W2m
1416.66 = 30 m
m = 13.88
Mass of water evaporatedWater evaporated = feed waterthick liquor
v= fm
= 416.6613.88
v = 402.78
steam consumptionHeat loss by condensing steam = heat gained by solution to increase its temp. to boiling point
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+ heat required to evaporate water
s s = f Cpf((T- Tf) + v v
s = latent heat of condensation of steam at 170C = 2046.5
v = latent heat of vaporization at 373 K = 2257
temp. of thick liquor,
T = T + B.P.E
= 373 + 10
T = 383
Tf = temp. of feed water = 32C = 305 K
f = 416.66
Cpf = 4.187
Putting all this value in equation,
s s = f Cpf ((T- Tf ) + v v
s 2046.5 = 416.66 4.187 ( 383 305 ) + 402.77 2257
s =
= 510.69
s 511
Rate of heat transfer,Q = s s
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= 511 2046.5
= 1045761.5
=
Q = 290489.3056
Area of evaporator,Q = UA T
T = TsT
Where Ts = saturated temperature of steam, 443 K
T = temperature of thick liquor. 383 K
T = 443 383
T = 60 k
A =
Where, U =1750 W/ m2k
A =
A = 2.76 m2
Finding no. of tubes,A= 2rln.
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Here we will assume tube diameter from standard materials available in the market and length as
per model size.
Diameter d = i.5 inch
Length l = 2 m
A = 2 2 n
n =
n = 12 tubes
Efficiency of evaporator, =
= 100 %
= 81.53 %
CHAPTER: 4 Material selection
Material for tubes of evaporator:-1. stainless steel.2. cast iron.3. copper.4. aluminium.5. nickel
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from the above listed materials we are going to select copper for making tubes.
Material for shell of evaporator.1. stainless steel.2. gray cast iron.3. copper.4. chromiun nickel alloy.5. mild steel.from the above listed material we would select gray cast iron.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
COPPERi. Excellent resistance to corrosionii. non magnetic propertiesiii. easy to work, it is ductile and malleable.iv. moderate to high hardness and strength.v. high thermal and electrical conductivityvi. it can be easily polished,plated and possess a pleasing appearnce.vii.resistance to fatigue, abrassion and corrosionviii. it can be soldered, brazed or welded.ix. very good machinability.x. easy of forming alloys with other elements like Zn,Sn,Al,Pb,Si,Ni,etc.Application
i. electrical partsii. heat exchangers
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iii. screw machine productsiv. household utensils.
Cast ironi. It possess high compressive strength.ii. It has low tensile strength.iii. It possess high rigidity.iv. It has high stability after weathering.v. high fluidity and ability to make sound castings.vi. Easily machined to a good finish.vii.Self damping does not vibrate or ring prevents chatter when used
for machine frames.
viii. self lubricatingix. Good anti-friction properties.x. it possesses machinability better than steel
Application
i. Machine tool structure.ii. Gas or water pipes for underground purposes.iii. Manhole covers.iv. Cylinder blocks and heads for i.c. enginesv. Tunnel segment.vi. Frames for electric motorsvii.Ingot moulds.viii. sanitary waresix. Piston rings
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x. Rolling mills and general machinery part.xi. Household appliances.
REFERENCES:-
1) Unit operation-1, by k.s. ganvahe.
2) material science and metallurgy, by o.p.khanna.
3) chemical engg. handbook, perry
4)