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Animals
What is an Animal? Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic organisms that
obtain nutrients by ingestion Digest their food within their
bodies..
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Animal Phylogeny To reconstruct the evolutionary history of
animal phyla, researchers must depend on
clues from comparative anatomy and
embryology
Four key evolutionary branch points havebeen hypothesized
1. Presence or absence of true tissues
2. Radial or bilateral symmetry3. Presence or absence of a body cavity
(coelom)
4. Mechanism of coelom formation..
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(a) Radial symmetry
(b) Bilateral symmetry
(a) No body cavity (e.g., flatworm)
Body covering(from ectoderm)
Digestivetract (fromendoderm)
Tissue-filledregion (frommesoderm)
(b) Pseudocoelom (e.g., roundworm)
Pseudocoelom
Digestivetract (fromendoderm)
Bodycovering(fromectoderm)
Muscle layer(frommesoderm)
(c) True coelom (e.g., annelid)
Coelom
Digestivetract (fromendoderm)
Body covering (from
ectoderm)
Tissue layerlining coelomandsuspendinginternal organs(frommesoderm)
Mesentery
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Multicellularity
True tissues
Radial
symmetry Bilateralsymmetry
No bodycavity
Body cavities
PseudocoelomTrue coelom
Coelom fromcell masses
Coelom fromdigestive tube
1
2
3
4
Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Mollusks Annelids Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates
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Phylum Porifera Includes sessile
animals once
believed to beplants
Lack true tissues
Resembles a sac
perforated withholes (pores)
Draws water into
a central cavity,
where food is
collected..
Pores
Water flow
Skeleton fiber
Central cavity
Choanocyte
Amoebocyte
Choanocytein contactwith anamoebocyte
Flagella
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Phylum Cnidaria Characterized by organisms with radial
symmetry and tentacles with stinging cells(cnidocytes)
Sac body plan with a gastrovascular cavity
Do not have true organs
Life cycle includes two body forms: Sessile polyp
Floating medusa..
Mouth/anus
Tentacle
Gastrovascularcavity
Tentacle
Mouth/anus
MedusaPolyp
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Cnidarians are carnivores that use
tentacles armed with cnidocytes, or
stinging cells, to capture prey..
TentacleCoiledthread Capsule
Trigger
Discharge ofthread
Cnidocyte
Prey
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Is represented by the simplest bilateralanimals
Have true organs but no body cavity acoelomate
Digestive tract is two directional only oneopening = incomplete digestive tract
Includes free-living forms such asplanarian
Includes many parasitic forms such astapeworms
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Digestive tract(gastrovascularcavity) Nerve cords
Mouth
Eyespots
Nervous tissueclusters
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Reproductivestructures
Head
Hooks
Sucker
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Phylum Nematoda
exhibit an important evolutionary adaptation;
a digestive tube with two openings, a mouthand an anus
A complete digestive tract can process food and
absorb nutrients efficiently
Only phylum with a pseudocoelom..
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Phylum Mollusca
Is represented by soft-bodied animals, butmost are protected by a hard shell
All have a similar body plan:
Muscular foot; maybe modified into tentacles for
locomotion and defense and food gathering
Mantle secretes shell and aids in respiration
Visceral mass containing internal organs
First group with a true coelom eucoelomates..
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Mantle
Mantlecavity
Shell
Anus
Gill
FootNerve cords
Visceral mass
Kidney
Coelom
Heart
Reproductiveorgans
Digestivetract
RadulaRadula
Mouth
Mouth
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Phylum Annelida
Includes worms with body segmentation
division of the body along into length into aseries of repeated segments; look like rings
Skin surface used for gas exchange
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Phylum Arthropoda
All have exoskeleton of chitin
Appendages are jointed
Appendages are highly specialized for the
environment
Undergo metamorphosis change in bodyform during development
This is the largest group of animals
Includes insects most abundant animals..
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Metamorphosis = egg larva pupa adult..
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Phylum Echinodermata
Is named for the spiny surfaces of the
organisms
Have endoskeleton
Have water-vascular system hydraulic
pumps that circulate water for gas-exchange,
waste disposal, circulation of nutrients, andlocomotion with tube feet
All aquatic..
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Muscle segments
Post-analtail
Notochord
Anus
Dorsal,hollow nervecord
Pharyngealslits
Brain
Mouth
Phylum Chordata all possess these
characters at some point during
development Have notochord = supporting rod of tissue; becomes
vertebrae in one subphylum
Have dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Have post-anal tail Have pharyngeal pouches..
Ch d t
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Eras
Cenoz
oic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precam
brian
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Tria
ssic
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
Tunicate
s
Lancelets
Agnatha
(jawlessvertebrate
s,
suchaslamprey
s)
Chondrichth
yes(sharksandray
s)
Osteic
hthyes(bonyfishes)
Amphibia(frogsan
d
salamanders)
Reptilia(reptiles)
Aves
(birds)
Mammalia
(mammals)
Ancestral chordate
Vertebrae
Jaws
Lungs or lung derivatives
Legs
Amniotic egg
Hair
Feathers
Chordates
Vertebrates
Tetrapods
Amniotes
Periods
Chordate Evolution
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The subphyla include the invertebrate
chordates lancelets (cephalochordata)
and tunicates (urochordata), which alsoshare four key chordate characteristics..
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This phylum includes the subphylum
Vertebrata
The notochord develops into the vertebralcolumn..
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The first three major classes of the
phylum are fishesAgnatha jawless fishes, eg.
lampreys
Chondrichthyes cartilage fishes
Osteichthyes bony fishes..
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Cartilaginous fishes have a flexible
skeleton made of cartilage; the only bone
is found in the jaw
Includes sharks, rays
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Bony Fish
Have a skeleton reinforced by hard
calcium salts Have a lateral line system, a keen sense of
smell, and excellent eyesight
Most bony fishes are ray-finned fishes
A second evolutionary branch includes
lungfishes and lobe-finned fishes..
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Terrestrial vertebrates are
collectively calledtetrapods, which means
four legs
Class Amphibia Exhibit a mixture of aquatic
and terrestrial adaptations
Usually need water toreproduce..
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Class Reptilia - can live totally on land
Have scales to prevent dehydration
Have claws for digging and protection Have lungs for breathing
First group to develop the amniotic egg..
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Class Aves
Evolved the ability to fly and only animals
with feathers
Bird anatomy and physiology are modified for
flight Bones are honeycombed, which makes them
lighter
Some specific organs are absent, whichreduces weight
A warm, constant body temperature is
maintained through endothermy..
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Airfoil
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Class Mammalia
Includes mostly terrestrial organisms Have hair
Have mammary glands that produce milk
and nourish the young
There are three major groups of mammals
Monotremes lay eggs
Marsupials do not have a placenta
Eutherians (placental mammals) have
placenta to nourish young inside mothers
body..
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