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DO NOW 9/30
9/30 Chapter 2.1: Carbohydrates 12
Make sure your INB is complete through page 11• 1.3 Quiz retake/corrections deadline 10/7, no
exceptions. Remember, you must independently schedule or discuss with me when you plan on doing retakes. If you just show up after school, I might not be available, and you will NOT be granted an extension
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I N B P G 1 2
CHAPTER 2.1: CARBOHYDRATES
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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
• The study of biological molecules is called molecular biology• Closely linked with
biochemistry, the study of the chemical reactions of biological molecules• The sum total of all the
biochemical reactions in the body is known as metabolism
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE
• 4 most common elements in life: H, C, O, N (99% of all atoms found in living things)
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CARBON
• Particularly important because carbon atoms can join together to form long chains or ring structures• Basic skeletons of all organic molecules, to which
other groups of atoms attach• Organic molecule = carbon containing C-H bonds
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MONOMERS, POLYMERS, AND MACROMOLECULES
• Monomers= similar or identical individual organic subunits• Polymers= many repeating monomers• Macromolecule= “giant molecule”• Polysaccharides, polypeptides, polynucleotides
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Monomer Polymer
Monosaccharides Polysaccharides
Amino acids Polypeptides (proteins)
Nucleotides Polynucleotides (nucleic acids)
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CARBOHYDRATES
• General formula Cx(H2O)y
• 1:2:1 of CHO• Divided into three main groups:
• Monosaccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharides
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MONOSACCHARIDES
• Monosaccharides are single sugars (mono=1)• Dissolve easily in water to produce sweet tasting
solutions• General formula (CH2O)n
• Classified according to number of C atoms• Trioses (3C) Ex: glyceraldehydes• Pentoses (5C) Ex: ribose, deoxyribose• Hexoses (6C) Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
• What type of sugar is the following monosaccharide
(CH2O)6A. TrioseB. PentoseC. Hexose
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DO NOW 10/2
• What type of sugar is the following monosaccharide
A. TrioseB. PentoseC. Hexose
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GLUCOSE
Molecular formula
Structural formula (straight
chain)
Structural formula (ring)
C6H12O6
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RING STRUCTURES
• Pentoses and hexoses can form themselves into stable ring structures• When glucose forms a ring,
carbon atom 1 joins to carbon atom 5• The ring therefore contains
oxygen, and carbon atoms number 6 is not part of the ring
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GLUCOSE ISOMERS
• Hydroxyl group on carbon 1 can be below(α-glucose) or above(β-glucose) the plane of the ring
• The same molecule can switch between two forms. Known as isomers
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ROLES OF MONOSACCHARIDES
1. Source of energy in respiration• Carbon-hydrogen bonds can be broken to release a lot
of energy which is then transferred to make ATP from ADP
2. Building blocks of larger molecules• Used to build larger carbohydrates (starch, glycogen,
cellulose) or complex molecules like RNA, DNA and ATP
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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Is the following β-glucose or α-glucose?
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DISACCHARIDES
• Like monosaccharides, are sugars• Formed by two (di=2) monosaccharides joining
together
Maltose = glucose + glucoseSucrose = glucose + fructoseLactose = glucose+galactose
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DISACCHARIDES
• The joining of two monosaccharides takes place by a process known as condensation
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CONDENSATION
1. For the reaction, two hydroxyl (-OH) groups line up alongside each other
2. One combined with a hydrogen atom from the other to form a water molecule
3. This allows an oxygen “bridge” to form between the two molecules, forming disaccharide
4. This bridge is called a glycosidic bond
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM
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HYDROLYSIS
• Reverse of condensation is the additions of water, hydrolysis• Takes place during the digestion of dissacharides
and polysaccharides, when they are broken down to monosaccharides
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POLYSACCHARIDES
• Polymers of monosaccharides• Made by condensation rxns• NOT sugars• Starch, glycogen, cellulose
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POLYSACCHARIDES
Condensation/dehydration synthesis•Glucose cannot accumulate in the cell• Dissolve and affect osmosis• Reactive: interfere with cell chemistry
•Store as polysaccharides• Compact, inert + insoluble• Glycogen: animals, starch: plants
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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
• What type of reaction would be involved in the formation of glucose from starch or glycogen?
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STARCH= AMYLOSE + AMYLOPECTIN
• Amylose: condensation between α-glucose molecules• 1,4 linked: meaning that they are linked between carbons 1
and 4• Chain coil into helical structures. Very compact
Amylopectin: 1,4 linked α-glucose with 1,6 linked branched
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STARCH
• Amylose and amylopectin molecules build up to relatively large starch grains• Commonly found in chloroplasts and storage organs
• Easily seen with light microscope (Esp. is stained)• NEVER found in animal cells
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DO NOW 10/6
• Compare the cellular structures of amylose and amylopectin
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GLYCOGEN
• Like amylopectin, is made of chains of 1,4 linked α-glucose with 1,6 linkages forming branches• Tend to be more branched than amylopectin
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GLYCOGEN
• Clump together to form granules (visible in liver and muscle cells)
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CELLULOSE
• Most abundant organic molecule of the planet • Due to its presence in
plant cell walls and is slow rate of breakdown• Mechanically very
strong• Polymer of 1,4 linked
β-glucose
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CELLULOSE
• Since the -OH group on carbon 1 of β-glucose is above the ring, it must flip 180˚ to form a glycosidic bond with carbon atom 4, where –OH is below the ring
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CELLULOSE
• 60-70 cellulose molecules cross-link to form microfibrils, held together as fibers by hydrogen bonding• Cellulose: 20-40% cell wall• High tensile strength (almost ~steel)• Fiber arrangement determines shape• Freely permeable: water + solutes can reach
plasma membrane
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