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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
PALESTINE UNIVERSITY PALESTINE UNIVERSITY
STONES AND ROCKSSTONES AND ROCKS
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
All The engineering Structures are made from some materials
These materials are know as engineering materials; building
materials or materials of Construction .
No material, existing in the universe is useless. Every material has its own field ofapplication
StoneStone
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
StonStoneeAn engineer has to be conversant with the An engineer has to be conversant with the
properties of most of them .properties of most of them .stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement, stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement,
and metals are some commonly used and metals are some commonly used materials by a civil engineer .materials by a civil engineer .
In order to carry out safe constructions , some standards for the materials to be used are fixed
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
stone :stone :
RockRock is the term is the term
used to name a solid used to name a solid
portion of the earth's portion of the earth's
crust crust األرضية األرضية القشرة . .القشرة
It has no definite It has no definite
shape and chemical shape and chemical
composition . composition .
It is generally very It is generally very
big in site .big in site .
The rocks have one The rocks have one
or more than one or more than one
materials .materials .
Rock and stone
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
stone :stone :
Rock and stone
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
stone :stone :
Stone :Stone : The stone The stone is always obtained is always obtained from rock, The rock from rock, The rock quarriedquarriedمحفورةمحفورة from quarries is from quarries is called stone .called stone .Quarried stone may Quarried stone may be in form of stone be in form of stone blocks, Stone blocks, Stone aggregate , stone aggregate , stone slabs, stone lintels , slabs, stone lintels , Stone flags ,etc . Stone flags ,etc .
Rock and stone
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
stone :stone :
Rock and stone
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
Classification of rocksClassification of rocks
1. Geological classification
2. Physical classification
3. Chemical classification
4. Classification based on stone
hardness:
StonStonee
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
. Classification based on stone hardness:
According to this classification stone may be classified As soft, medium, soft, medium,
hard and very hardhard and very hard.-Very hard rocks as Granite, Trap and
Taconite.-Hard rocks as Granite, Basalt, Gravel
.and Quartziteالحصى- Medium rocks as Dolomite and Lime
Stone. جيري وحجر الدولوميت- Soft rocks as Talcالبودرة , Gypsum
and Sand stone.
StonStonee
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
Uses of stone following are the various uses , of stones
1.For masonry work البناء أعمال
2.for lintels and vertical columns االعمدةاالنشائية والعناصر
3.for covering floors of building البالط واالرضيات
4.for paving of roads and foot paths رصفالمشاة لممرات وتستخدم كما .الطرق،
5.As a covering material for buildings. تشطيب مادة
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
Uses of stone
6.for the construction of roads in form of boulders and aggregate
الركام بشكل الطرق انشاء عملية في تستخدم. والطوب والحصمة
6.as an aggregate in cement as well as lime concretes
. والجيرية االسمنتية الخرسانة في ركام
6.In the construction of masonry dams , stones of good quality and durability are of vital importance.
بناء في تستخدم العالية الجودة وذات المتينة الحجارةالسدود.
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
StoneStone
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
StoneStoneNatural bed of Natural bed of stonestone
The plane along which stones can be easily split is known
as natural bed of natural bed of stonestone
In stone masonry work , the stone
should be used in such away that the
direction of applied load is
perpendicular to the natural bed of the
stone .
Walls
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
B
Cornice
Arch
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
-In the case of the walls the position of the
stone blocks should be same in which they
were originally deposited .
This position gives maximum strength to
the stone work in the walls .
-In the case of arches , the bedding plane
should be radial and at right angles to the
face of the arch .
-In the case of cornices the bed should be
vertical .
StonStonee
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
Seasoning of stones :
-In makes the stone hard and compact , by
exposing the stone to open air for a period
of six to twelve mouths .
All the stones should be seasoned before
they are used in structural work .
StonStonee
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
StoneStone
Characteristics and qualities of good building stone :
1.The stone should be easily and economically obtainable in bulk . متوفرواقتصادي
2.The stone should be hard, strong and durable .
. مستمر عمر وذو ومتين، قوي
1.It should weather well. االحوال مع يتكيف.الجوية
2.It should have fine compact texture .
. االستخدام غرض مع يتناسب جيد ملمس ذات
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
StoneStoneCharacteristics and qualities of good
building stone :
5.It should be capable to withstand the effects of smoke and acidic atmosphere.
الدخان آثار تحمل على قادرة تكون أن ينبغيالحمضية والجو
5.The stone should be free from soft patchesبقع, flawsعيوب, cavities and cracks وشقوق . تسوس
6.It should be well seasoned and
easily workable .
. التشكيل سهل
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
StoneStone
Tests for stones:Tests for stones:
Building stones are required to be tested
for their different properties before they
may be recommended for any specific case.
1-Acid test:
2- Water absorption test .
3- Impact test .
4- Crushing test .
5- Hardness test .
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
StoneStone
Acid test:
This test is carried out on sand stone .
In this test , a sample of stone about
100gm is taken and put in a solution having
1% strength of hydrochloric acid for seven
days . After this the specimen is taken out
and its surface examined .
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
StoneStone
Natural (Rock) stoneNatural (Rock) stone
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Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh
EndEnd
StoneStone