dr. ali i. tayeh materials & construction technology materials & construction technology...

Dr. Ali I. TayehDr. Ali I. Tayeh

MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

PALESTINE UNIVERSITY PALESTINE UNIVERSITY

STONES AND ROCKSSTONES AND ROCKS


All The engineering Structures are made from some materials

These materials are know as engineering materials; building

materials or materials of Construction .

No material, existing in the universe is useless. Every material has its own field ofapplication

StoneStone


StonStoneeAn engineer has to be conversant with the An engineer has to be conversant with the

properties of most of them .properties of most of them .stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement, stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement,

and metals are some commonly used and metals are some commonly used materials by a civil engineer .materials by a civil engineer .

In order to carry out safe constructions , some standards for the materials to be used are fixed


stone :stone :

RockRock is the term is the term

used to name a solid used to name a solid

portion of the earth's portion of the earth's

crust crust األرضية األرضية القشرة . .القشرة

It has no definite It has no definite

shape and chemical shape and chemical

composition . composition .

It is generally very It is generally very

big in site .big in site .

The rocks have one The rocks have one

or more than one or more than one

materials .materials .

Rock and stone


stone :stone :

Rock and stone


stone :stone :

Stone :Stone : The stone The stone is always obtained is always obtained from rock, The rock from rock, The rock quarriedquarriedمحفورةمحفورة from quarries is from quarries is called stone .called stone .Quarried stone may Quarried stone may be in form of stone be in form of stone blocks, Stone blocks, Stone aggregate , stone aggregate , stone slabs, stone lintels , slabs, stone lintels , Stone flags ,etc . Stone flags ,etc .

Rock and stone


stone :stone :

Rock and stone


Classification of rocksClassification of rocks

1. Geological classification

2. Physical classification

3. Chemical classification

4. Classification based on stone

hardness:

StonStonee


. Classification based on stone hardness:

According to this classification stone may be classified As soft, medium, soft, medium,

hard and very hardhard and very hard.-Very hard rocks as Granite, Trap and

Taconite.-Hard rocks as Granite, Basalt, Gravel

.and Quartziteالحصى- Medium rocks as Dolomite and Lime

Stone. جيري وحجر الدولوميت- Soft rocks as Talcالبودرة , Gypsum

and Sand stone.

StonStonee


Uses of stone following are the various uses , of stones

1.For masonry work البناء أعمال

2.for lintels and vertical columns االعمدةاالنشائية والعناصر

3.for covering floors of building البالط واالرضيات

4.for paving of roads and foot paths رصفالمشاة لممرات وتستخدم كما .الطرق،

5.As a covering material for buildings. تشطيب مادة


Uses of stone

6.for the construction of roads in form of boulders and aggregate

الركام بشكل الطرق انشاء عملية في تستخدم. والطوب والحصمة

6.as an aggregate in cement as well as lime concretes

. والجيرية االسمنتية الخرسانة في ركام

6.In the construction of masonry dams , stones of good quality and durability are of vital importance.

بناء في تستخدم العالية الجودة وذات المتينة الحجارةالسدود.


StoneStone


StoneStoneNatural bed of Natural bed of stonestone

The plane along which stones can be easily split is known

as natural bed of natural bed of stonestone

In stone masonry work , the stone

should be used in such away that the

direction of applied load is

perpendicular to the natural bed of the

stone .

Walls


B

Cornice

Arch


-In the case of the walls the position of the

stone blocks should be same in which they

were originally deposited .

This position gives maximum strength to

the stone work in the walls .

-In the case of arches , the bedding plane

should be radial and at right angles to the

face of the arch .

-In the case of cornices the bed should be

vertical .

StonStonee


Seasoning of stones :

-In makes the stone hard and compact , by

exposing the stone to open air for a period

of six to twelve mouths .

All the stones should be seasoned before

they are used in structural work .

StonStonee


StoneStone

Characteristics and qualities of good building stone :

1.The stone should be easily and economically obtainable in bulk . متوفرواقتصادي

2.The stone should be hard, strong and durable .

. مستمر عمر وذو ومتين، قوي

1.It should weather well. االحوال مع يتكيف.الجوية

2.It should have fine compact texture .

. االستخدام غرض مع يتناسب جيد ملمس ذات


StoneStoneCharacteristics and qualities of good

building stone :

5.It should be capable to withstand the effects of smoke and acidic atmosphere.

الدخان آثار تحمل على قادرة تكون أن ينبغيالحمضية والجو

5.The stone should be free from soft patchesبقع, flawsعيوب, cavities and cracks وشقوق . تسوس

6.It should be well seasoned and

easily workable .

. التشكيل سهل


StoneStone

Tests for stones:Tests for stones:

Building stones are required to be tested

for their different properties before they

may be recommended for any specific case.

1-Acid test:

2- Water absorption test .

3- Impact test .

4- Crushing test .

5- Hardness test .


StoneStone

Acid test:

This test is carried out on sand stone .

In this test , a sample of stone about

100gm is taken and put in a solution having

1% strength of hydrochloric acid for seven

days . After this the specimen is taken out

and its surface examined .


StoneStone

Natural (Rock) stoneNatural (Rock) stone


EndEnd

StoneStone

dr. ali i. tayeh materials & construction technology materials & construction technology...

Documents

classification stone

stone aggregate

stone work

lime stone

stone lintels

stone hardness

tayehuses of stone

quarried stone