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D.T3.1.1 Report ‘State of the art of risk governance: approaches/tools to manage risk with focus on forests’
WP T3 Responsibility for Deliverable Francesca Poratelli (DISAFA), Silvia Cocuccioni (EURAC)
Contributors Cristian Accastello (DISAFA), Filippo Brun (DISAFA), Stefan Steger (EURAC), Stefan
Schneiderbauer (EURAC), Kathrin Renner (EURAC)
Torino, December 2019
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D.T3.1.1 – Report ‘SoA of risk governance: approaches/tools to manage risk with focus on forests’ 2
GreenRisk4ALPs Partnerships BFW - Austrian Forest Research Centre (AT)
DISAFA - Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin (ITA)
EURAC - European Academy of Bozen-Bolzano – EURAC Research (ITA)
IRSTEA - National research institute of science and technology for environment and agriculture,
Grenoble regional centre, IRSTEA (FRA)
LWF - Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (GER)
MFM - Forestry company Franz-Mayr-Melnhof-Saurau (AT)
SFM - Safe Mountain Foundation (ITA)
UL - University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable
Resources (SLO)
UGOE - University of Göttingen, Department of Forest and Nature Conservation Policy (GER)
WLS - Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (CH)
WLV - Austrian Service for Torrent and Avalanche Control (AT)
ZGS - Slovenia Forest Service (SLO)
https://disafaen.campusnet.unito.it/do/home.plhttp://www.eurac.edu/en/pages/default.aspxhttp://www.irstea.fr/en/institute/centers/grenoblehttps://www.lwf.bayern.de/http://www.mm-forst.at/de/http://www.fondazionemontagnasicura.org/en/http://www.bf.uni-lj.si/en/forestry/about/https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/67088.htmlhttps://www.wsl.ch/en/forest.htmlhttps://www.bmlfuw.gv.at/forst/wildbach-lawinenverbauung.htmlhttp://www.zgs.si/eng/news/index.html
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Table of Contents
GreenRisk4ALPs Partnerships ............................................................................................................... 2
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... 3
Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Table of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction: Risk governance in mountain ecosystems ..................................................................... 6
Materials and methods .......................................................................................................................... 7
Results and discussion .......................................................................................................................... 9
Bibliometric analysis .......................................................................................................................... 9
Qualitative review ............................................................................................................................. 11
Study areas and hazards analysed ............................................................................................. 13
Forest effectiveness ..................................................................................................................... 14
Uncertainties and hazards interaction ........................................................................................ 15
Scenarios development ............................................................................................................... 15
Stakeholders involvement ........................................................................................................... 15
Monetary evaluation ..................................................................................................................... 15
Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 17
References ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Appendix A: List of the articles selected with the keywords search on Scopus and WoS ............... 19
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Table of Figures
Figure 1 - Number of publications indexed on Scopus from 1990 to 2018 including gravitational
natural hazards and risk management search terms in their title, abstract or keywords. The
different colours in the bar chart show the number of documents in which only one natural hazard
is mentioned in the title, abstract and keywords. Some documents refer to more than one natural
hazard in those fields, therefore the total number of documents indexed in Scopus per year (blue
horizontal lines) is higher than the sum of the ones that mention each natural hazard. ................. 9
Figure 2 - Ratio between the number of documents published in a year and those published in
2018 on Scopus. If the ratio is equal to 1, then the number of documents published in that year is
the same as the number of documents published in 2018. If the ratio is higher than 1, then more
documents were published in a given year compared to 2018 That is, a ratio of 0.2 means that
20% of the number of documents published in 2018 were published. The numbers indicated by
the arrows show the actual number of documents published in a given year. ................................ 10
Figure 3 - Number of documents published on Scopus from 1990 to 2018 mentioning
gravitational hazards, risk management and Eco-DRR/protection forests search terms in their
abstracts, title or keywords (left, Y-axis) compared to the number of documents published
including only gravitational hazards and risk management terms (right, Y-axis). ............................ 11
Figure 4 - Workflow to select the publications for the qualitative review. ........................................ 12
Figure 5 - Gravitational hazards studied in the publications listed in Table 2. ................................ 13
Figure 6 - Study area distribution of the publications selected in Table 2 along the alpine space
(AS). Not all the papers had a study area, only 17. ............................................................................ 14
Figure 7 - Study area distribution of the publications selected in Table 2 across the alpine space
(AS) for different hazards. .................................................................................................................... 14
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Table of Tables
Table 1 - Search terms used for the bibliometric analysis .................................................................. 7
Table 2 - Publications selected for the qualitative review after the abstract analysis .................... 12
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Introduction: Risk governance in mountain ecosystems
Mountain areas have always been subject to natural hazards such as avalanches, rockfall,
landslides and torrents (Keiler and Fuchs, 2018). These natural hazards used to be managed by
avoiding them and/or placing settlements in areas less prone to such hazards (Bründl et al.,
2009). However, in the last century the growth of the mountain economy, which is based primarily
on winter tourism, led to a growth of settlements into areas affected by gravitational hazards
(UNISDR, 2015; Newman et al., 2017), making the protection from natural hazards a matter of
primary importance.
Historically risk was managed by avoiding hazardous areas or by using natural elements such as
forests as protection elements from natural hazards (Meloni et al., 2006). Protection forests have
been used for a long time and managed to prevent or mitigate hazardous events. An example of
this is the Chambons forest in the western Italian Alps, which has been managed since 1500 to
protect the village of Chambons that was built in 1200 from avalanches and rockfall (Regione
Autonoma Valle d’Aosta - Regione Piemonte, 2006).
In the last century, the rate of growth of settlements in the mountains has led to the study of
technical protection measures and to their preference over protection forests due to their
immediate efficacy. This has led to an increase in studies concerning both natural hazard and
defence strategies.
Even though technical measures proved to be effective in preventing or mitigating the effects of
different natural hazards, the role of climate change and its effects on ecosystem processes, has
brought up the question whether these structures are suitable to face upcoming changes (Holub
and Hübl, 2008). The main problem with these measures is their lack of resilience and that they
were planned for specific situations.
To solve this problem, various options of risk management have been analysed in the past few
years with great importance focused on ecosystem-based solutions due to their higher adaptive
capacity to climate change (Faivre et al., 2017).
A bibliometric analysis and review have been carried out to analyze the state of the art of the
research in mountain risk management, with a particular focus on literature concerning the
following aspects:
- Mountain ecosystem: in particular with a focus on risk mitigation in the Alpine region
- Natural hazards: gravitational hazards with those being the most frequent in the region of
interest
- Risk management: focus on studies that could affect the usual risk management
solutions that can provide practical information and useful tools
- Ecosystem based disaster risk reduction: Eco-DRR measures are based on a sustainable
use and management of ecosystems as a mean to reduce extreme events.
In particular, the bibliometric analysis was aimed at gaining an insight into the current state of
knowledge regarding natural hazard risk management in mountain areas and nature-based
solutions. The objective of the subsequent qualitative part was to analyse the strengths and the
research gaps in this field of study.
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Materials and methods
The analysis was composed of a quantitative bibliometric analysis followed by a qualitative
review.
As a first step, search terms were selected to compose the query strings (see Table 1 below). The
search terms were attributed to three main topic groups on which the research focuses: 1.
gravitational natural hazards (in particular avalanches, rockfall, shallow landslides and debris
flows), 2. risk management, and 3. ecosystem-based solutions, with the main solution being
protection forests. The three groups of search terms, which constitute the focal points of this
review and of the GreenRisk4ALPs project are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 - Search terms used for the bibliometric analysis
Topic Group Search terms
Natural hazard
snow avalanche
debris-flow
rock fall (or Rockfall)
landslide
Risk
management
risk
exposure
vulnerability
hazard management
Eco-DRR
protection forest
protect* function
protect* effect
Eco-DRR
nature-based solution
ecosystem-based approach
ecosystem-based solution
The four natural hazards were chosen to focus on the most present gravitational hazards in the
Alps. Eco-DRR solutions act in two ways: preventing events from happening (for example the role
of the forest in the starting zone of avalanches) or mitigating their impact in the runout zone.
After selection search terms were evaluated, and the query strings were optimized to obtain a
balance between shortness of the query string and number of results obtained. The query strings
were then entered into the Scopus database in “Titles, Abstract and Keywords” of published
documents. The Scopus database was the only database used for the quantitative analysis as its
objective was to analyse the general trend of articles published over time.
Different search approaches were carried out: The first search combined the first two groups of
terms (those regarding natural hazards and risk management), the second included Eco-DRR
terms. The search terms belonging to different topic groups were linked with the Boolean operator
“AND” while the search terms belonging to the same group were linked with the Boolean operator
“OR”. This allowed the search database to find the documents that included at least one term
from each group of topics. Examples of the query strings can be found below:
TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( "snow avalanche" OR "debris-flow" OR "rock fall" OR "Rockfall" OR landslide )
AND ( "risk" OR "exposure" OR "vulnerability" OR "hazard management" ) )
TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( "snow avalanche" OR "debris-flow" OR "rock fall" OR "Rockfall" OR landslide )
AND ( "risk" OR "exposure" OR "vulnerability" OR "hazard management" ) AND ( "protection
forest" OR "protect* function" OR "protect* effect" OR "Eco-DRR" OR "nature-based solution"
OR "ecosystem-based approach" OR "ecosystem-based solution" ) )
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The publication trend was analysed and compared with the total number of papers indexed on
Scopus through the years. In order to obtain an estimate of the total amount of papers the word
“the” was used as a search term, being the most common English word. In the following
qualitative bibliographic review, the same research was carried out in the Web of Science
database to see, if any additional papers could be found that had not yet been indexed on
Scopus. The results were added to the ones found on Scopus. Lastly, papers concerning
mountain ecosystems in particular in the Alps, were selected, reviewed and analysed. For each
article, the following parameters were highlighted:
1) Natural hazard considered (Avalanche/Rockfall/Landslide/Debris flow)
2) Presence of a risk management
3) Eco-DRR
a. Dominant species
b. Forest management
c. Analysis of forest effectiveness
4) Uncertainties considered (fires/pests/hazard interactions/etc.)
5) Eco-DRR other than forests
6) Scenario developments
7) Stakeholders involvement
8) Monetary evaluation
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Results and discussion
Bibliometric analysis The first search conducted focused on the number of publications indexed on Scopus concerning
risk management related to gravitational hazards. These are the documents, which included at
least one search term of the natural hazard group and one of the risk management group in the
title, abstract or keywords. The results show a strong increase in the overall number of
publications on the topic, ranging from less than 50 papers in 1990 to more than 700 in 2018
(blue line in Figure 1). Overall, the gravitational natural hazard search terms showed a
considerable increase over time. The most mentioned hazard was landslides1, which is also the
hazard term that showed the highest increase over time. The other search terms showed a stable
but lower increase.
Figure 1 - Number of publications indexed on Scopus from 1990 to 2018 including gravitational natural hazards and
risk management search terms in their title, abstract or keywords. The different colours in the bar chart show the
number of documents in which only one natural hazard is mentioned in the title, abstract and keywords. Some
documents refer to more than one natural hazard in those fields, therefore the total number of documents indexed in
Scopus per year (blue horizontal lines) is higher than the sum of the ones that mention each natural hazard.
The total number of documents published on Scopus per year has increased over time.
Consequently, the research also aimed at comparing the growth of the number of publications
mentioning risk management and natural hazards with that of the overall number of documents
indexed in Scopus (see Figure 2). For better comparison, the ratio between the documents
published in any year and those published in 2018 was calculated. Figure 2 shows how the
1 Note that the term “landslide” is often used as an overarching term, which also includes rockfall and
other gravitational natural hazards. This can explain the greater use of the term “landslide” compared to
the other terms.
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publications regarding risk management and gravitational natural hazards increased more
compared to the overall number of documents published in Scopus from 1980 to 2018. The total
number of publications with natural hazards and risk management search terms published from
1980 to 2018 was 7987. In 1980, the published documents mentioning natural hazard and risk
management search terms were only three, while this number rose to 762 in 2018. The number
of total papers published in 1980, was not as low compared to those published in 2018: in 1990,
the total number of publications on Scopus was 20% of the number of papers published in 2018.
Figure 2 - Ratio between the number of documents published in a year and those published in 2018 on Scopus. If the
ratio is equal to 1, then the number of documents published in that year is the same as the number of documents
published in 2018. If the ratio is higher than 1, then more documents were published in a given year compared to
2018 That is, a ratio of 0.2 means that 20% of the number of documents published in 2018 were published. The
numbers indicated by the arrows show the actual number of documents published in a given year.
In the second step of the bibliometric analysis, we selected papers also dealing with Eco-DRR,
with a particular focus on protection forests (see Figure 3) since this is the main focus of the
GreenRisk4ALPs project. With this limitation the number of documents published from 1990 to
2018 found on Scopus was only 44. The first document to mention natural hazards, risk
management and nature-based solutions (e.g. protection forests) dates back to 1991.
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Figure 3 - Number of documents published on Scopus from 1990 to 2018 mentioning gravitational hazards, risk
management and Eco-DRR/protection forests search terms in their abstracts, title or keywords (left, Y-axis) compared
to the number of documents published including only gravitational hazards and risk management terms (right, Y-axis).
Unlike the trend of the papers concerning only the natural hazards, the trend of papers adding
ecosystem-based measures has a less stable publication rate with a slight stable increase in the
last years.
Qualitative review An additional search was carried out on Web Of Science using the same keywords and 4 other
papers were found. From these 48 articles (Appendix A), after an abstract review, those
concerning the alpine environment were selected and further analysed. For the review, the
following workflow has been applied:
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Figure 4 - Workflow to select the publications for the qualitative review.
A total of 22 articles were selected (Table 2). Two main patterns were observed: The majority of
papers had a more classic structure, dealing with a specific hazard and focusing on a specific
area. The other papers were instead more focused on providing a useful framework for decision
making purposes and was directed to a wider and less scientific audience ([1],[6],[9], the
numbers refer to the articles listed in Table 2).
Table 2 - Publications selected for the qualitative review after the abstract analysis
ID Full references
[1] Accastello et al., 2019: A framework for the integration of nature-based solutions in
environmental risk management strategies
[2] Bebi et al., 2001: Assessing structures in mountain forests as a basis for investigating
the forests' dynamics and protective function
[3] Bigot et al., 2009: Quantifying the protective function of a forest against rockfall for past,
present and future scenarios using two modelling approaches
[4] Brang et al., 2006: Management of protection forests in the European Alps: an overview
[5] Brang et al., 2001: Resistance and elasticity: promising concepts for the management of
protection forests in the European Alps
[6] Breschan et al., 2018: A topography-informed morphology approach for automatic
identification of forest gaps critical to the release of avalanches
[7] Dorren et al., 2006: Balancing tradition and technology to sustain rockfall-protection
forests in the Alps
[8] Getzner et al., 2017: Gravitational hazards: Valuing the protective function of Alpine
forests
[9] Faivre et al., 2018: Translating the Sendai Framework into action: The EU approach to
ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction
[10] Fidej et al., 2015: Assessment of the protective function of forests against debris flows in
a gorge of the Slovenian Alps
[11] Kobayashi et al., 2017: The Potential Role of Tree Diversity in Reducing Shallow
Abstract review and
selection of papers
dealing with Alpine
environment
Keyword
s choice
Keywords
research on
Scopus
Same keywords
research on
Web of Science
Bibliometric
analysis
Selection of 48
articles
Qualitative
review
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Landslide Risk
[12] Monnet et al., 2010: Using geomatics and airborne laser scanning for rockfall risk zoning:
a case study in the French Alps
[13] Moos et al., 2018: Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in mountains
[14] Moos et al., 2018: Integrating the mitigating effect of forests into quantitative rockfall
risk analysis – Two case studies in Switzerland
[15] Moos et al., 2017: Quantifying the effect of forests on frequency and intensity
of rockfalls
[16] Preti et al., 2013: Forest protection and protection forest: Tree root degradation over
hydrological shallow landslides triggering
[17] Sakals et al. 2006: The role of forests in reducing hydrogeomorphic hazards
[18] Schonenberg et al., 2005: Effect of timber removal from windthrow slopes on the risk of
snow avalanches and rockfall
[19] Stokes, 2005: Selecting tree species for use in rockfall-protection forests
[20] Teich et al., 2012: Snow Avalanches in Forested Terrain: Influence of Forest Parameters,
Topography, and Avalanche Characteristics on Runout Distance
[21] Teich et al., 2009: Evaluating the benefit of avalanche protection forest with GIS-based
risk analyses—A case study in Switzerland
[22] Vacchiano et al., 2015: Effect of avalanche frequency on forest ecosystem services in a 1
spruce-fir mountain forest
Study areas and hazards analysed
The first parameter analyzed was the natural hazard dealt with in the papers. Unlike the global
trend of papers concerning natural hazards, in our selection the main hazards considered are
avalanches and rockfall, while only a few focused on landslides (Figure 5).
Figure 5 - Gravitational hazards studied in the publications listed in Table 2.
Second, we analyzed the location of the study areas used in the papers. Figure 6 shows that the
majority of the case studies were carried out in the Swiss and French Alps, while only a focused
on the southern part of the Alps.
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Figure 6 - Study area distribution of the publications selected in Table 2 along the alpine space (AS). Not all the papers
had a study area, only 17.
Comparing the main hazard and the location of the study area revealed how studies on different
hazards are distributed across the Alps, with two main focal areas: Switzerland for avalanches
([2],[6],[20],[21]), and France for rockfall ([3],[12],[19]).
Figure 7 - Study area distribution of the publications selected in Table 2 across the alpine space (AS) for different
hazards.
Forest effectiveness
We focused this review on risk management measures in which forests have a predominant role.
In all of the papers collected, the protective effect of forest is addressed, but in different ways. A
common theme in all the articles is the need of proper forest management to assure an efficient
protective effect against different hazards.
In the majority of the studies analysed the main silvicultural measure to achieve maximum
protection from natural hazards is through managing uneven, multi-layered forest stands. This
forest structure is considered to be the most efficient for all of the gravitational hazards
considered in this review. Managing for an uneven-aged forest through silvicultural techniques
aims at developing a forest structure similar to natural ones, those being the ones with the
highest resistance and resilience. This objective is stated directly in some of the selected papers,
in particular in: [1], [4], [5], [10], [15], [17], [19]. Fidej et al. (2015) also stated that aiming for an
uneven-aged layered forest structure is the best way to mimic natural disturbances, which
naturally occur in forest stands.
Concerning the forest structures in [2], [8] and [9], the role of forest gaps has been addressed
and the maximum dimension of gaps that still allows for an efficient protective effect has been
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evaluated. The problem of forest gaps has been analysed for both avalanches and rockfall. In
particular, gaps are critical in avalanche starting zones, where the forest serves a role in
preventing avalanche formation. Forest are also important in the transit zone of rockfall, where
they allow the rocks to fall without obstacles and to gain speed.
Additionally, species composition of stands has been analysed. In the papers concerning
avalanches [20] as the main hazard, a comparison has been made between deciduous and
evergreen conifer species, with the latter resulting as the most efficient in preventing avalanche
release. This is due to two main effects: the first is the interception of falling snow by tree crowns,
which results in the exposure of the snow to air and sun, leading to faster sublimation and lower
snow height on the ground. The second effect is the reduction of the formation of surface hoar
and weak snow layers in the snowpack which are required for slab avalanche formation. That is,
tree crowns shade the snowpack leading to reduced temperature variations between night and
day influencing snow metamorphism. A focus has been made on the comparison between
Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) reforestations and broadleaved coppice stands [3], with the former
resulting in less effectiveness due to their even aged and regular structure, while the latter being
more efficient due to the high density of coppice shoots. The forest effect on landslides has been
addressed focusing mainly on the roots [16] and explain how a broad and structured root system
affects the soil and its structure, making it more or less prone to slides during heavy rain events.
Uncertainties and hazards interaction
In eight papers ([1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [18], [22]) uncertainties that may affect the protection
services provided by forest were considered. In particular, these studies focused on fires, pests,
animal browsing, windthrow and drought, which are the main disturbances that could affect
protection forests and compromise their effect.
In two papers [18], [22] the post disturbance management of direct protection forests was
considered, in particular the effect of the disturbance on the protection service was analysed. The
role of dead wood in the aftermath of a disturbance (windthrow) has been considered, in
particular the authors focused on its protective effect that was still important in the first years
following the disturbance and decreased gradually in the following years.
Another interesting topic that was analysed by Vacchiano et al. (2015) is the cascading effect
created by a disturbance decreasing the capacity of a forest to mitigate other natural hazard
events. In particular, the effect of avalanches on direct protection forest against rock fall has
been analysed. The main problems were caused by the frequency with which avalanches
occurred, i.e., a high avalanche frequency aside from affecting the protective effect of the present
stand, also prevented forest regeneration from replacing the stand.
Scenarios development
We also addressed, if land use and land use change, climate change and socio-economic change
scenarios were developed in the studied papers. Among all studies five developed different
scenarios; four of these dealt with land use change scenarios and one with both climate change
and socio-economic changes.
Stakeholders involvement
The involvement of stakeholders has been chosen as a parameter for the review given its
importance in the GR4A project. However, the results of the bibliographic analysis showed that
the involvement of stakeholders was only marginally addressed in studies.
Monetary evaluation
Only one article [8] from our selection dealt with monetary evaluation. The approach used is a
cost analysis carried out through a national pricing list. The authors used an interesting approach:
They evaluated the protective effect of forests from an economic point of view, i.e. a replacement
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cost approach was used, and different scenarios were analysed. Both permanent structures and
wooden ones had been considered and the costs due to forest management were assessed. The
results showed how, where the ecological conditions allow for it, protection forest are the most
convenient solution from an economic point of view.
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Conclusions
Through the analysis conducted on the selected publications we aimed at highlighting the
potential role of Eco-DRR in preventing and mitigating natural hazards and report the knowledge
currently available on the topic. From the results provided by the publication analysis, we show
that even though the use of ecosystem-based solutions in risk management is broadly
recognized, there is still low response of the users to this kind of measures and they are not
always recognized at a legislative level. This might be caused by the lack of stakeholder’s
involvement in the subject. Involving stakeholder through understandable guidelines or seminars
could increase the perception of Eco-DRR as an efficient solution. The value of Eco-DRR could
also be strengthen by the support of thorough economic evaluations of the different options to
mitigate and prevent a natural hazard (e.g. green measures, technical measures or avoidance
measures), which is almost absent at the moment.
The results of this analysis highlight how the GR4ALPs project can provide innovative content to
this research field by addressing a combination of topics, such as the stakeholders involvement
and the monetary evaluation of the forest protection, that has not yet been explored in depth and
reported in the scientific literature. The economic evaluation implemented in the TEGRAV analysis
and the stakeholder involvement addressed throughout the project (WP2-WP5) will not only
provide a more detailed insight on ecosystem-based solutions but can also help to bridge the gap
between research and users of ecosystems-based solutions, such as local administrations,
decision makers and forest managers.
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References Bruendl, M., Romang, H.E., Bischof, N., Rheinberger, C.M., 2009. The risk concept and its
application in natural hazard risk management in Switzerland. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst.
Sci. 9, 801–813.
Faivre, N., Fritz, M., Freitas, T., de Boissezon, B., Vandewoestijne, S., 2017. Nature-Based
Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and
environmental challenges. Environmental Research 159, 509–518.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032
Fidej, G., Mikoš, M., Rugani, T., Jež, J., Kumelj, Š., Diaci, J., 2015. Assessment of the protective
function of forests against debris flows in a gorge of the Slovenian Alps. iForest -
Biogeosciences and Forestry 8, 73. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor0994-007
Holub, M., Hübl, J., 2008. Local protection against mountain hazards: state of the art and future
needs. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 8, 81–99.
Keiler, M., Fuchs, S., 2018. Challenges for Natural Hazard and Risk Management in Mountain
Regions of Europe, in: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Oxford
University Press, Oford, UK.
Newman, J.P., Maier, H.R., Riddell, G.A., Zecchin, A.C., Daniell, J.E., Schaefer, A.M., van Delden, H.,
Khazai, B., O’Flaherty, M.J., Newland, C.P., 2017. Review of literature on decision support
systems for natural hazard risk reduction: Current status and future research directions.
Environmental Modelling & Software 96, 378–409.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.042
Regione Autonoma Valle d’Aosta - Regione Piemonte, 2006. Selvicoltura nelle foreste di
protezione. Esperienze e indirizzi gestionali in Piemonte e in Valle d’Aosta. Compagnia
delle Foreste, Arezzo.
UNISDR, 2015. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. United Nations,
Geneva, Switzerland.
Vacchiano, G., Maggioni, M., Perseghin, G., Motta, R., 2015. Effect of avalanche frequency on
forest ecosystem services in a spruce–fir mountain forest. Cold Regions Science and
Technology 115, 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.03.004
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Appendix A: List of the articles selected with the keywords search on Scopus and WoS
Authors Year Title
[No author name available],
2014 3rd International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, EESD 2013
Accastello C. et al. 2019 A Framework for the integration of nature-based solutions in environmental risk management strategies
Bebi P. et al. 2001 Assessing structures in mountain forests as a basis for investigating the forests' dynamics and protective function
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