Optimizing)Crop)Yield)Through)Selective)Groundwater)Extraction
Avoiding)High)Elemental)Concentration)Improve)Yield)and)Save)Valued)Viticulture)Land
Presented(By:(Noah(Heller,(MS(PG((CA(5792)50(Tiburon(Street,(Suite(7,(San(Rafael,(CA((94901415.302.7354(/([email protected]
2
TCE,%PCE,%NitratesArsenic,)Nitrate,)Mn,)Fe,)Bacteria,)PCE
Arsenic(&(Nitrate,(Uranium,(TDS
PCE,)TCE,)Nitrates,)Manganese
Nitrates,))Manganese,)BoronArsenic,)Flouride
2005$2016:(BESST(Selective(Groundwater(Extraction(Database
Drought
Vs.
Groundwater
As,)Nitrate,))TDS,)Uranium,)NaCl,)TCE,)PCE,)Perchlorate,)Fe,)Mn,)Bacteria
="1"– 10"Production"Wells"Profiled"by"BESST
Hex)Chrome,)Arsenic,)Uranium
Nitrates,)Arsenic,)TDS,)Boron
• 700)Municipal)Production)Wells)Profiled)Since)2005
• Largest)Stratified,)Dissolved)Aqueous)Phase)Chemistry)Data)Base)in)California)for)Production)Wells
Dynamic"flow"contribution"
(%)"vs"depth"(ft"bgs)
60
0
0
0
0.5
0.7
4
10
7
5
4
0.5
3
3
2
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
PWL9357
3579359
3599361
3619363
3639365
3659375
3759385
3859395
3959430
4309455
4559465
4659475
4759485
4859495
4959519
ft"bgs
0.55
0.97
0.67
0.60
0.49
0.55
0.56
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
3309357
3579365
3659385
3859430
4309465
4659485
4859519
Boron)Concentrationmg/l
Well)5S)/)200)GPM
Paso)Robles)Vineyard)Well
Profiling)to)Improve)Grape)Yield
4
318(ft
10.25”(Casing(ID
540(ft(
560(ft(
300(ft(
Pump(Column:(5”
Chemical(Mass(Balance(Analysis:((Iron
0( 500( 1000( 1500( 2000( 2500(
above(310310X318318X340340X360360X380380X420420X460460X500
below(500
2400(1086(
2053(720(
178(412(407(519(
1400(
µg/L
Sampling)Intervals)(ft.)bgs)
Dynamic)Chemistry)Profile:)DriesbachZHilltop2/18/10)))))))260)GPM
Iron((Fe)
Fe GPM µg/L GPM µg/L
Sample%Depth Interval Cumulative%Flow Lab%Results Incremental%FlowCalculated%Mass%%Concentration%by%Zone
310 above 310 0.73 2400 0.73 2400%318 310-318 68.41 1100 67.68 1086%318 318-340 191.59 1100 79.78 2053%340 340-360 111.80 420 10.16 720%360 360-380 101.64 390 16.11 178%380 380-420 85.53 430 30.61 412%420 420-460 54.92 440 42.32 407%460 460-500 12.60 550 12.16 519%500 Below 500 0.44 1400 0.44 1400%
Spigot 1 Composite 260.00 560Spigot 2 Composite 260.00 430
Lettuce)Production)Quality)Affected)By)Iron
Dynamic)Flow)Profile)Under)Steady)State)
DrawZDown
Fluorometer
Flow(From(Well(To(Fluorometer
Flow(From(Fluorometer(To(Waste
1,900)GPM
406080100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400
Dye)Injection)Shot)Points
Ft.)Below)Ground)Surface
Water(Sampling(Spool
Dye(Injection(Spool
Explanation(of(Dye(Injection(Process(For(Dynamic(Flow(Profiling(In(Production(Wells
Cumulative(Flow(Slices((CFS)
5
Dye(Logging(Method
Dynamic)Flow)Profile)Under)Steady)State)
DrawZDown
Fluorometer
Flow(From(Well(To(Fluorometer
Flow(From(Fluorometer(To(Waste
406080100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400
Dye)Injection)Shot)Points
Ft.)Below)Ground)Surface
When)we)subtract)Q2 from)Q1,)we)get)the)incremental)flow)(IF)or)GPM))contribution)between)the)two)measured)injection)points
Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8Q9Q10Q11Q12Q13Q14Q15Q16Q17
Cumulative)Flow
Q1 =(V1 x(A(1V(1=((d1Xd2)/(t1Xt2)
A1)=) r2
Cumulative(Flow(Can(Be(Defined(As
No(Flow(Contribution
No(Flow(Contribution
Incremental(Flow(Can(Be(Defined(As
Q1 – Q2
Explanation(of(Basic(Flow(Calculations(When(Using(Dye(Injection(ProcessGPM(
Distribution
6
Dynamic)Groundwater)Sampling)Under)Steady)State)DrawZDown
406080100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400
Groundwater)Sampling)Points
Ft.)Below)Ground)Surface
Ca1Ca2Ca3Ca4Ca5Ca6Ca7Ca8Ca9Ca10Ca11Ca12Ca13Ca14Ca15Ca16Ca17
Cumulative)Concentration
Ca1 =((Q1C1 – Q2C2)/(Q1XQ2)
Average(Cumulative(Contaminant(Concentration(Can(Be(Defined(As
No(Contaminant(Contribution
No(Contaminant(Contribution
Incremental(Average(Contaminant(Concentration(between(two(imaginary(flow(planes(within(the(well(can(
be(expressed
Water(Sampling(Spool
Dye(Injection(Spool
Well(Vent(Tube
Explanation(of(Basic(Mass(Balance(Calculations
7 8
Central"Valley"CaliforniaArsenic"Reduction"at"Food"Processing"Facilities
Pump(Column(10”
Dynamic)Flow)Contribution)Profile
Dynamic)Flow)Profile
10%((((((((((((20%(((((((((((((30%((((((((((((40(%(((((((((((50%
Percent(of(Total((%)
500’
655(ft(
Clay
Pumping)Rate: 849(GPM(((Pumping)Water)Level: 340’
960’X1010’
1200ft(
Clay
Sand(&(Clay
655’X715’
890X830
745’X785’
11.4%
1.6%
11.4%
31.6%
21.8%Clay
Sand(&(Clay
Clay
Sand(and(Clay
Brown(Clay
900(ft(
660(ft(
730(ft(
870(ft(
930(ft(
1020(ft(
1150(ft
1210(ft(
570(ft(
1075(ft(
1190(ft(
960(ft(
1010(ft(
715ft(
745(ft(
785(ft(
825(ft(
870(ft(
890(ft(
920(ft(
650(ft(
Blue(Clay
22.1%
1075’X1190’
825’X870’
9
500(ft
16(”(Casing(ID
Pump%Column:%10”
16”(Casing(ID
1075(ft(
1190(ft(
960(ft(
1010(ft(
655(ft(
715ft(745(ft(
785(ft(825(ft(
870(ft(890(ft(
920(ft(
Chemical(Mass(Balance(Analysis:((Arsenic(
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
655-715
745-785
825-870
890-920
960-1010
1075-1125
below 1125
0.00
10.00
29.31
23.00
44.10
12.00
12.00
97.03
187.99
268.26
13.73
96.64
70.87
114.48
µg/L
Sampling)Intervales)(ft.)bgs)
Dynamic"Chemical"Profile:""849"GPMArsenic
10
11
Predicted Arsenic Discharge Average
Sample%Depth
Screen%Interval
Cumulative%Flow%Per%Screen%Interval
Incremental%Flow%Per%Screen%Interval
Measured%Concentration%(From%Lab) CnQn
CnQn9Cn+1Qn+1 Incremental%Flow%
Mass%Balance%Incremental%Concentration
6006559715 470.00 97.00 19.50 16555.5% 11.5% 97.00 0.12% 11.57307459785 373.00 188.00 22.00 16544.0% 1880.0% 188.00 10.00% 18808058259870 0.00 0.00 0.00 14664.0% 7856.0% 0.00 0.00% 08808909920 0.00 0.00 0.00 6808.0% 322.0% 0.00 0.00% 094096091010 0.00 0.00 0.00 6486.0% 4266.0% 0.00 0.00% 01055107591190 185.00 185.00 12.00 2220.0% 2220.0% 185.00 12.00% 2220
470.00 GPM55% of%849%GPM
Spigot%1 Cumulative 470.00 8.75 4111.5 8.75Spigot%2 Cumulative 470.00 8.75
Estimated(Arsenic(Distribution(By(Screen(IntervalBlocking(Off(3rd,(4th and(5th Screen(From(Top(Of(Well
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00% 120.00% 140.00% 160.00% 180.00% 200.00%
655971574597858259870890992096091010107591190
0.12%10.00%
0.00%0.00%0.00%
12.00%
97.00188.00
0.000.000.00
185.00
As"ug/l
Screen""Interval"(ft."bgs)
Dynamic"Arsenic"Profile:"Well"26849"GPM"""""""
StraddleZPacker)Test)Scenario)
• Production(blocked(from(the(3rd,(4th and(5th screens.(Production(loss(estimated(to(be(about(45%.
• Packer(test((performed(to(confirm(decrease(arsenic
12
Feasibility(Test(Strategies—Goal:(Produce(Less(Arsenic(and(Minimize(Production(Loss