Volcanoes Pacific Ring of fire
• 452 volcanoes and is home to over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes
• 90% of the world's earthquakes and 80% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire Northern America
• Novarupta – Alaska – caldera, lava dome • Mount Rainier – N Washington -‐ stratovolcano • Crater Lake – S Oregon– caldera • Mount St. Helens – N Washington-‐ stratovolcano • Kilauea – Hawaii – shield • Mauna Loa – Hawaii – shield • Paricutin – SW Mexico – cinder cone • Colimo – Mexican volcanic belt – stratovolcano • Popocatepetl-‐Mexican volcanic belt-‐stratovolcano • El Chichon-‐SE Mexico-‐lava dome
Central America • Masaya-‐SW Nicaragua-‐caldera • Arenal-‐Costa Rica-‐stratovolcano • Soufriere Hills – Montserrat, Carribean Sea-‐stratovolcano
South America • Nevado del Ruiz-‐Columbia-‐stratovolcano • Galeras-‐SW Columbia-‐complex volcano • Cotopaxi-‐Ecuador-‐stratovolcano • Cerro Azul-‐Quizapu-‐Chili-‐stratovolcano • Parana Plateau-‐Brazil-‐fissure vent
Atlantic Ocean • Grimsvotn-‐Iceland-‐caldera • Pico de Teide-‐Canary Islands-‐stratovolcano
Europe • Antrim Plateau-‐Ireland-‐fissure vent • West Eifel Field-‐Germany-‐maars, cinder cones • Chaine des Puys – France-‐ cinder cones, lava domes, maars • Stromboli-‐Sicily-‐stratovolcano • Mount Etna-‐Italy-‐stratovolcano • Vesuvius-‐Italy-‐complex volcano • Santorini-‐Easterm Mediterranean sea-‐caldera • Vulcano-‐ Mediterranean sea-‐stratovolcano
Africa • Erta Ale-‐Ethiopia-‐shield volcano • Mount Kilimanjaro-‐Tanzania-‐stratovolcano
Asia • Mount Fuji-‐Japan-‐stratovolcano • Baitoushan-‐border China/North Korea-‐stratovolcano • Mount Unzen-‐Japan-‐complex volcano • Mount Pinatubo-‐Phillippines-‐stratovolcano • Tambora-‐Indonesia-‐stratovolcano • Taal-‐Phillippines-‐caldera • Merapi-‐Indonesia-‐stratovolcano • Krakatau-‐Indonesia/Sumatra-‐caldera • Rabaul-‐New Guinea-‐caldera
New Zealand • Ruapehu-‐New Zealand-‐stratovolcano
Antarctica • Mount Erebus-‐Ross Island, Victoria Land-‐stratovolcano
Aa Pillow Pahoeho
Strength of Volcanoes (gentlest to strongest) Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Plinian) Earthquakes 50,000 earthquakes annually 100 cause damage 1 big per year Haiti -‐ 1/12/10-‐ magnitude 7 No Location Date Scale 1 Chile 22-May-1960 9.5
2 Prince William Sound, Alaska 28-Mar-1964 9.2
3 Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands 9-Mar-1957 9.1
4 Kamchatka 4-Nov-1952 9
5 Off western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia 26-Dec-2004 9
6 Off the coast of Ecuador 31-Jan-1906 8.8 7 Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands 4-Feb-1965 8.7 8 Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 28-Mar-2005 8.7 9 India-China border 15-Aug-1950 8.6 10 Kamchatka 3-Feb-1923 8.5 source Latest 10 years deadliest No Location Date Scale Fatalities 1 Southern Sumatera, Indonesia 12-Sep-2007 8.4 9 2 Near the Coast of Central Peru 15-Aug-2007 8 514 3 Kuril Islands 15-Nov-2006 8.3 0 4 Java, Indonesia 26-May-2006 6.3 5,749 5 Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 28-Mar-2005 8.6 1,313 6 Pakistan 8-Oct-2005 7.6 80,361 7 Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra 26-Dec-2004 9.1 227,898 8 Hokkaido, Japan Region 25-Sep-2003 8.3 0 9 Southeastern Iran 26-Dec-2003 6.6 31,000 10 Central Alaska 3-Nov-2002 7.9 0 11 Hindu Kush Region, Afghanistan 25-Mar-2002 6.1 1,000 12 Near Coast of Peru 23-Jun-2001 8.4 138 13 India 26-Jan-2001 7.7 20,023 14 New Ireland Region, P.N.G. 16-Nov-2000 8 2 15 Southern Sumatera, Indonesia 4-Jun-2000 7.9 103 16 Taiwan 20-Sep-1999 7.7 2,297 17 Turkey 17-Aug-1999 7.6 17,118 18 Balleny Islands Region 25-Mar-1998 8.1 0 19 Afghanistan-Tajikistan Border Region 30-May-1998 6.6 4,000
Volcano Category
H2S: ☠!!! smells like rotten eggs too… Lahar: volcanic mud flow Shield volc = dome shaped Composite volc (a.k.a. stratovolcano) = tall, example: Mt. Fuji cinder cone volc = cone shaped crater in center volcanic plug-solid lava in pipe, shows when outside erodes pyroclastic flow-gas, ash, rock mix moving down slope calderas--bowl crater at top of volcano geysers--hot water and steam spouting regularly from surface vents hot spring--hot water gushing constantly from within earth magma--molten, inside earth , most is silicate solution lava--outside, extruded magma volcanic ash- volcanic rock less than 2 mm in size volcanic gases--hydrogen chloride and hydrogen flouride, carbon dioxide, h2o, so2, h2s, nox, Earthquake Category haiti aftershock 1/20/10 magnitude: 5.9; haiti aftershock 1/21/10 magnitude: 4.9, 4.8; magnitude 7.0 quake strongest 2 hit haiti in 200 yrs. Faults: Transform, Convergent, Divergent, Strike-slip (rock strata displace mainly horizontally, parallel to fault line), Thrust, Reverse, Normal
Richter Scale: magnitude Mercalli Scale: intensity of shaking, damage Waves Secondary--shear, transverse pattern Primary--P waves, compressional, faster Surface-travel on surface Body--within earth focus-within earth, starting point epicenter--spot on surface above focus ocean crust: basalt continental crust: granite asthenosphere: lower part of the lithosphere lithosphere: part of the upper mantle--crust sits right on top Subduction--collision of continental and oceanic crust with oceanic crust going under if there is threat of TSUNAMI then go to the highest floor of a tall building; move to the highest ground in your area; or if you are out in a boat, head farther out from shore
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