Volcanoes  Pacific  Ring  of  fire  

• 452  volcanoes  and  is  home  to  over  75%  of  the  world's  active  and  dormant  volcanoes  

• 90%  of  the  world's  earthquakes  and  80%  of  the  world's  largest  earthquakes  occur  along  the  Ring  of  Fire      Northern  America  

• Novarupta  –  Alaska  –  caldera,  lava  dome  • Mount  Rainier  –  N  Washington  -­‐  stratovolcano  • Crater  Lake  –  S  Oregon–  caldera  • Mount  St.  Helens  –  N  Washington-­‐  stratovolcano  • Kilauea  –  Hawaii  –  shield  • Mauna  Loa  –  Hawaii  –  shield  • Paricutin  –  SW  Mexico  –  cinder  cone  • Colimo  –  Mexican  volcanic  belt  –  stratovolcano  • Popocatepetl-­‐Mexican  volcanic  belt-­‐stratovolcano  • El  Chichon-­‐SE  Mexico-­‐lava  dome  

Central  America  • Masaya-­‐SW  Nicaragua-­‐caldera  • Arenal-­‐Costa  Rica-­‐stratovolcano  • Soufriere  Hills  –  Montserrat,  Carribean  Sea-­‐stratovolcano  

South  America  • Nevado  del  Ruiz-­‐Columbia-­‐stratovolcano  • Galeras-­‐SW  Columbia-­‐complex  volcano  • Cotopaxi-­‐Ecuador-­‐stratovolcano  • Cerro  Azul-­‐Quizapu-­‐Chili-­‐stratovolcano  • Parana  Plateau-­‐Brazil-­‐fissure  vent  

Atlantic  Ocean  • Grimsvotn-­‐Iceland-­‐caldera  • Pico  de  Teide-­‐Canary  Islands-­‐stratovolcano  

Europe  • Antrim  Plateau-­‐Ireland-­‐fissure  vent  • West  Eifel  Field-­‐Germany-­‐maars,  cinder  cones  • Chaine  des  Puys  –  France-­‐  cinder  cones,  lava  domes,  maars  • Stromboli-­‐Sicily-­‐stratovolcano  • Mount  Etna-­‐Italy-­‐stratovolcano  • Vesuvius-­‐Italy-­‐complex  volcano  • Santorini-­‐Easterm  Mediterranean  sea-­‐caldera  • Vulcano-­‐  Mediterranean  sea-­‐stratovolcano  

Africa  • Erta  Ale-­‐Ethiopia-­‐shield  volcano  • Mount  Kilimanjaro-­‐Tanzania-­‐stratovolcano  

Asia  • Mount  Fuji-­‐Japan-­‐stratovolcano  • Baitoushan-­‐border  China/North  Korea-­‐stratovolcano  • Mount  Unzen-­‐Japan-­‐complex  volcano  • Mount  Pinatubo-­‐Phillippines-­‐stratovolcano  • Tambora-­‐Indonesia-­‐stratovolcano  • Taal-­‐Phillippines-­‐caldera  • Merapi-­‐Indonesia-­‐stratovolcano  • Krakatau-­‐Indonesia/Sumatra-­‐caldera  • Rabaul-­‐New  Guinea-­‐caldera  

New  Zealand  • Ruapehu-­‐New  Zealand-­‐stratovolcano  

Antarctica  • Mount  Erebus-­‐Ross  Island,  Victoria  Land-­‐stratovolcano          

 Aa       Pillow     Pahoeho  

 Strength  of  Volcanoes  (gentlest  to  strongest)  Hawaiian,  Strombolian,  Vulcanian,  Plinian)    Earthquakes  50,000  earthquakes  annually  100  cause  damage  1  big  per  year    Haiti    -­‐  1/12/10-­‐  magnitude  7    No Location Date Scale 1 Chile 22-May-1960 9.5

2 Prince William Sound, Alaska 28-Mar-1964 9.2

3 Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands 9-Mar-1957 9.1

4 Kamchatka 4-Nov-1952 9

5 Off western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia 26-Dec-2004 9

6 Off the coast of Ecuador 31-Jan-1906 8.8 7 Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands 4-Feb-1965 8.7 8 Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 28-Mar-2005 8.7 9 India-China border 15-Aug-1950 8.6 10 Kamchatka 3-Feb-1923 8.5 source Latest 10 years deadliest No Location Date Scale Fatalities 1 Southern Sumatera, Indonesia 12-Sep-2007 8.4 9 2 Near the Coast of Central Peru 15-Aug-2007 8 514 3 Kuril Islands 15-Nov-2006 8.3 0 4 Java, Indonesia 26-May-2006 6.3 5,749 5 Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 28-Mar-2005 8.6 1,313 6 Pakistan 8-Oct-2005 7.6 80,361 7 Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra 26-Dec-2004 9.1 227,898 8 Hokkaido, Japan Region 25-Sep-2003 8.3 0 9 Southeastern Iran 26-Dec-2003 6.6 31,000 10 Central Alaska 3-Nov-2002 7.9 0 11 Hindu Kush Region, Afghanistan 25-Mar-2002 6.1 1,000 12 Near Coast of Peru 23-Jun-2001 8.4 138 13 India 26-Jan-2001 7.7 20,023 14 New Ireland Region, P.N.G. 16-Nov-2000 8 2 15 Southern Sumatera, Indonesia 4-Jun-2000 7.9 103 16 Taiwan 20-Sep-1999 7.7 2,297 17 Turkey 17-Aug-1999 7.6 17,118 18 Balleny Islands Region 25-Mar-1998 8.1 0 19 Afghanistan-Tajikistan Border Region 30-May-1998 6.6 4,000                      

 

   

     

Volcano Category

H2S: ☠!!! smells like rotten eggs too… Lahar: volcanic mud flow Shield volc = dome shaped Composite volc (a.k.a. stratovolcano) = tall, example: Mt. Fuji cinder cone volc = cone shaped crater in center volcanic plug-solid lava in pipe, shows when outside erodes pyroclastic flow-gas, ash, rock mix moving down slope calderas--bowl crater at top of volcano geysers--hot water and steam spouting regularly from surface vents hot spring--hot water gushing constantly from within earth magma--molten, inside earth , most is silicate solution lava--outside, extruded magma volcanic ash- volcanic rock less than 2 mm in size volcanic gases--hydrogen chloride and hydrogen flouride, carbon dioxide, h2o, so2, h2s, nox, Earthquake Category haiti aftershock 1/20/10 magnitude: 5.9; haiti aftershock 1/21/10 magnitude: 4.9, 4.8; magnitude 7.0 quake strongest 2 hit haiti in 200 yrs. Faults: Transform, Convergent, Divergent, Strike-slip (rock strata displace mainly horizontally, parallel to fault line), Thrust, Reverse, Normal

Richter Scale: magnitude Mercalli Scale: intensity of shaking, damage Waves Secondary--shear, transverse pattern Primary--P waves, compressional, faster Surface-travel on surface Body--within earth focus-within earth, starting point epicenter--spot on surface above focus ocean crust: basalt continental crust: granite asthenosphere: lower part of the lithosphere lithosphere: part of the upper mantle--crust sits right on top Subduction--collision of continental and oceanic crust with oceanic crust going under if there is threat of TSUNAMI then go to the highest floor of a tall building; move to the highest ground in your area; or if you are out in a boat, head farther out from shore  

F  C  D  

E  A  B  

E  D  C  

A  F