1
The Sixth Blaise Pascal Lecture Wednesday, April 14, 2010
Ecole Polytechnique
High Field Science
Toshiki TajimaBlaise Pascal Chair,
Fondation Ecole Normale SupérieureInstitut de Lumière Extrême
andLMU,MPQ, Garching
Acknowledgments for Collaboration and advice: G. Mourou, D. Habs, C. Barty, J. Fuchs, C. Labaune, P. Mora, T. Hayakawa, R. Hajima, F. Krausz, M. Fujiwara, T. Esirkepov, S. Bulanov, M. Kando, W. Sandner, M. Borghesi, M. Gross, Y. Kato, J. Urakawa, N. Zamfir, K. Leddingham, P. Thirolf, K. Homma, Y. Amano, H. Gies, T. Heinzl, R. Schuetzhold, T. Takahashi, A. Suzuki, M. Teshima, S. Iso
G. Mourou,
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Extreme Light Infrastructure
Zettawatt Laser
Tom Connell / Wildlife Art Ltd.
KECK telescope(1/2)
10m
NIF
5MJ @ 10ns530nm
V
V
Deformablemirror
1028 W/cm2 ! 1micron
KDP crystalFsat 1 J/cm2
stre
tche
r
com
pres
sorNIF
10 m
1MJ10fs100m2
seedpulse
100m2
gratings
0.1 Zettawatt
Tajima,Mourou (PR, 2002)
(Beyond ELI)
4
20'' 4
-ph
phph
c vc v
Relativistic Engineering: relativity as the guiding tool (cf. quantum engineering)
EM Pulse Intensification and Shortening by the Relativistic Mirror
2''6max
0ph
I DI
-3ph:
3D Particle-In-Cell Simulation
(Bulanov, Esirkepov, Tajima, 2003)
5
High energy beam facility
RCNP䚸JAERI䚸JASRI collaboration
b) laser hutch
a) SPring-8SR ring
c) experimental hutch
Laser light
8 GeV electron
Recoil electron
Electron tagging
Collision
Inverse Compton -ray
6
New photonuclear processes(?)
(Spring-8)
7
Parity Mixing in Nuclei
Interaction between Neutral Current Boson and Meson (Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction)
Standard Nucleon-Nucleon InteractionZ0 : Neutral Current Boson
Interaction between Z0
and Mesons.
The interaction can be determinedby polarized LCS gamma-rays.Fujiwara, J. Phys. G (2006).
20th Century : began with Einstein, including theory for laser, 21st Century :laser test and even challenge Einstein.
9
Einstein and Ether
(A. Einstein, 1922)
10
What beam brings in to nuclear physics
• Rutherford approach(collider and particle beam)
high momentum penetrates deep interior of matter and scatters,
sees smallest detail of matter
/a 1 ( ,a are probe and target sizes)
• ‘laser’ (and beam) approach
photon beam penetrates, but not local real space structure,
excites the structure, induces dynamics and spectroscopy,
possibly controls/a ~ 104 ( both for atoms and nuclei)
beam revolution of nuclear physics:similar to laser revolution of atomic physics in’60s
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Additional way preparing for the future in Fundamental Physics
• Collider paradigm ( ‘high momentum’ approach)quantum mechanics E t~ 䉬㻌䍑㻌㻱2
• Non-collider approaches ( ‘high field’ approach)relativity: the higher the energy, the pronounced the effect
horizon ~ 1/ a (extradimensions?)a = g (Einstein’s Equivalence Principle)?Unruh(a)-Hawking(g) radiation?special theory (no preferred frame? ; c( )?) extreme field physics (merger of research on special
and general theories of relativity; Can E also warp space; c(|E|2) )
what is vacuum? ( QED, QCD(axion), dark energy,…)
(Gies, Marlund, Di Piazza, Dunne, Schuetshold, Heinzl, Reiss, DeKieviert, Rafelski, Zayakin, Smilga, Cohen, Thirolf, Weinfurter, Labun,.. discussed)
09/3/9 12
2030 2040 2050 2060
1013
1014
1015
ILC
When can we reach 1 PeV ?: Suzuki Challenge
Laser plasma acceleratorexperiments
V. Yakimenko (BNL) and R. Ischebeck (SLAC), AAC2006 Summary report of WG4
e-e+ colliders
(Suzuki,2009)
Quantum Gravity: “Why is the sky blue?”
(for extreme high energy gamma rays)• Amelino-Camelia et al., Nature (1998)
high energy has dispersion:= kc + (extra mass-like term?), i.e. c( )
• May be regarded as scattering off quantum fluctuations of vacuum (gravitational origin).
• Other proposals, such as H. Sato (1972); Coleman-Glashow(1997), ….
breakdown of Lorentz invariance?(cosmic rays cease to exist beyond certain energy)
May be testable in PeV energy regimes.
The Crab Pulsar, a city-sized, magnetized neutron star spinning 30 times a second, lies at the center of this composite image of the inner region of the well-known Crab Nebula. The spectacular picture combines optical data (red) from the Hubble Space Telescope and x-ray images (blue) from the Chandra Observatory, also used in the popular Crab Pulsar movies. Like a cosmic dynamo the pulsar powers the x-ray and optical emission from the nebula, accelerating charged particles and producing the eerie, glowing x-ray jets. Ring-like structures are x-ray emitting regions where the high energy particles slam into the nebular material.
PeV from Crab Nebula
Can we see manifestation of quantum gravity, Lorentz variance in high energy ?How PeV electrons accelerated?
Special theory of relativity OK?
(Abdo et al, 2009)
-ray signal (GRB) from primordial GRB
Energy-dependent Photon mass?
limit is pushed up to near Planck mass
PeV (from e-)Can explore this
(Abdo, eta l, 2009)
2 2 2 2 20 0 0 02 2 ,cr
phe
nE m c a m c an
20
2 ,crd p
e
nL an 0
1 ,3
crp p
e
nL an
case I case II case III
a0 10 3.2 1
energy gain GeV 1000 1000 1000
plasma density cm-3 5.7x1016 5.7x1015 5.7x1014
acceleration length m 2.9 29 290
spot radius m 32 100 320
peak power PW 2.2 2.2 2.2
pulse duration ps 0.23 0.74 2.3
laser pulse energy kJ 0.5 1.6 5
Even 1PeV electrons (and s) are possible, albeit with lesser amountexploration of new physics such as the reach of relativity and quantum gravity
(correlating with primordial gamma-ray burst [GRB] observation)?(laser energy of 10MJ@plasma density of 1016/cc; maybe reduced with index 5/4)
Meeting Suzuki’s Challenge toward PeV
(when 1D theory applies)
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Parameters Symbol Case I Case II Case III unit
number of stages Nstage 1 100 1000
wavelength 1 1 1 um
norm. laser amplitude a0 56 26 18
plasma density ne 1.8x1015 3.9x1016 1.8x1017 cm-3
gamma_ph ph 7.9x102 1.7x102 79
laser energy/stage EL,1 4.1x104 88 4.1 kJ
total laser energy EL,t 4.1x102 8.8 4.1 MJ
total energy gain W 1 1 1 PeV
pump depletion length Lp 1.2x104 57 3.9 m
dephasing length Ld 6.2x103 29 2 m
total acc length Lacc,t 6.2x103 2858.2 1957.8 m
spot radius w0 7.9x102 1.7x102 79 m
pulse duraton 9.8x102 2.1x102 98 fs
peak power P 4.2x104 4.2x102 42 PW
number of electrons Nbeam 1.7E+11 1.7E+10 5.5E+09
A Path toward PeV
(Tajima, Kando, Teshima)
Hawking Radiation (Exploration of Horizon)
What is ‘vacuum’? Does ‘something’ emerge from ‘nothing’?žᆰſᲷžᑥſᲹ žฆඇſ žᆃࡀſᲹ
vacuum = ‘matter‘ ? chaos information ?
Explore relativity with strong fields䠄Unruh radiation䠅
R. Schuetzhold Phys.Rev.Lett.97:121302, 2006
Larmor scatteringUnruh radiation
Correlatedpair radiation
Inertial frame
Rindler frame Strong correlation betweenabsorption and emissiondespite of causal disconnection
G. Unruh PRD 29 1047-1056, 1984
negative frequencymode in Rinder 2
Observerin RIndler 1
No correlated pairin background process
eVTkmVEcmWI
B 06.0]/[10]/[10 12217
~10eV (blue shift in lab. frame)
e- e-
(Chen, Tajima,1999)
Strong Acceleration Physics(Jackson, ch. 17)
Radiation damping: a heap of broken piecesikik FF selfexternal
selfext FFvm
cvvcqF for
32
3
2
self
self-field influences motion of charged particles
J.D. Jackson: many unsolved problems
vcqvm 3
2
32
(reference frame of resting charge)
Bad solution:
Two solutions: andconst.v
0at on accelerati
s 10632 ,
0
243
2/
0
tamcqeav t ൺ runaway solution
• wrong electromagnetic mass (4/3)me occurs in the force equation for a rigid spherical electron
• causality is violated; “pre-acceleration” of charged particles before force is turned on
??? All is wrong ???
J.D. Jackson: “Classical Electrodynamics”, ch. 17 (Wiley, New York, 1998)
(D. Habs)
Lorentz force
kik
i
uFcq
sumc extd
dLorentz force = usually leading order term
Constant B field = synchrotron
Circular orbit, sufficient precise, higher order terms are obscured by machine errors
a) Dynamics of electron with feed-back
b) Larmor formula for far-field radiations
(D.Habs)
Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac force(LAD)
ucqfcvFuF
cq
sumc i
kik
i
3
2
selfext 32 ,
dd
Generalization to: but but required2
22
dd
32
su
cq i
0dd ; 1 0 i
i
ii
ii u
suuuug
Add new 4-vector, which vanishes for with scalar iuv 0
2
2
2
22
dd
dd
32
suuu
su
cqg kki
ii
LAD equation:su
su
su
csu
cquF
cq
sumc
ii
kik
i
dd
dd
dd1
dd
6d
dd
22
22
ext
Finite velocity of interaction, development of Lagrangian to higher orders (LL §75)
LAD has exponentially fast runaway solutions: ; small velocities
Dirac postulates: asymptotic condition equivalent to initial conditionIn general solution chaotic, many physical and unphysical solutions, find a solution not hampered by instable solutions.
0extikF v
cevm 3
2
60)(lim sv
s0)0(x
P.A.M. Dirac, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 167, 148 (1938);
(D. Habs)
Landau-Lifshitz (LL) force= LAD force + leading order approximation
Derive an effective second order equation, which stays on the critical surface without exploding solutions.Landau-Lifshitz : Regard Lorentz force as leading order
and we insert it into radiation force (replace )u
im
kmlkl
kkl
illkl
iki
lkl
iklk
iki
kik
i
uuFuFcm
quFFcm
quux
FmcqF
uFFcm
quuxF
mcq
suuF
mcq
su
32
32
32
dd
dd
52
4
52
4
3
2
self
42
2
222
2
2
Lower order substitution = accepted recipe of singular perturbation theory= Pauli (1929), Heitler (1936)
The new equation does not have the difficulties of LAD,stable solution, with correct long-time behavior.
But: 4-momentum not collinear with 4-velocity
(D. Habs)
Landau-Lifshitz (II) for 1 electron extremely small radiation damping
im
kmlkl
kkl
iklkl
iki
ik
iki
uuFuFcm
euFFcm
euux
FmceF
FuFce
sumc
3
23
232
dd
52
4
52
4
3
3
self
self
(III)v (III) dominant term
vuFuFcm
ef mkml
kl 3
242
4
force opposite to velocity v
80242
0
2
42
332
Lorentz
self 10232)1(
32 52
4
LL
kik
kik
ce
im
kmlklcm
e rmccmr
eaEcm
euFuF
uuFuFFF
with 1 fm, 82.2 , ,2 0
2
0
22 rmc
remceEL
L
L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, “The Classical Theory of Fields”, 2nd ed., ch 76
(D. Habs)
Basic idea Coherent macroparticle
Assuming N electrons sitting on top of each other, so that they see all fields in phase, just like 1 giant electron with mass Mmac = N·me and charge Qmac = N·qe .
Le
Le
Ecm
eNEcm
eFF
42
3
42
3
Lorentz
self
32
32
N = 1010 for electron sheet, self force becomes dominant and can be studied experimentally in detail.
Testing all theories of radiation damping.
(D. Habs)
NaFF
L
8
ext
self 10
For a coherent bunch of N = 1010 the self force is dominant.
If gets larger by Doppler boost, N gets smaller by the same factor.
From LL we have learnt the dominant force
Now we put this into the of the LAD equation higher order LL equation.
im
kmlkl uuFuF
cmeF
32
52
4(1)
self
(1)selfF 2
2
dd
sui
... dd ...
dd
2
2
suF
su ii
replace by differentiate each term partiallyii
uFuFucm
esu
32
dd
63
4
Thus, the (Fu)(Fu) occurs with power n and as n
cme
63
4
32
nn NFFF 8)(self
(2)self
(1)self 10 high harmonics with (2 +3 ·n)
nEx
E 2kinkin
dd
Fast collective deceleration = step functionHigh harmonics of force result in multiples for far field radiation.
These high harmonics are boosted by (4 2)
Landau-Lifshitz (III) N > 108 electrons: dominant radiation damping
(Habs)
Strong coupling ( e·N >> L) for classical electrodynamics (I)
Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac: acceleration
, runaway solution
umcFu
mce
mcFu e
ext3
2ext
32
s 106 24e
eteatu /0)(
7thresh
824
ext
0 10211106
2/fs 2s 106 1
NdtFd
mcu
L
en
n
n
neRepeated substitution:
Coherent macroparticle: , coherent scattering not only
but
TN 2
Tn
n
NNN
0
2
thresh
2
eNmac
(D.Habs)
Electron sheet break-outfrom thin solid foil; Theory (I)
V. Kulagin et al., PRL 99 (2007) 124801B. Rau et al., PRL 78 (1997) 3310
Break-out condition0
00 E
EadkNEE L
Ls
foil thickness : d
2
L
p
cr
e
nnNdensity ratio :
LLk 2
laser wave number :
emcE L
0
Electrostatic fieldPoisson equation
Le
S EdenE 0
pressure balance
High-density overcritical e-sheet
t = 13 t = 20k 0 = 50
ions ions
O. Klimo et al., Phys. Rev. ST AB 11 (2008) 031301
Laser22 a
(D.Habs)
B. King, A. Di Piazza and C. H. Keitel, Nature Photon. 4, 92 (2010)
Nonlinear Optics in Vacuum
What is vacuum?Can vacuum be nonlinear?Is c constant?What contribute to nonlinear vacuum?
㼃㼔㼍㼠㻌㼕㼟㻌㼞㼑㼘㼍㼠㼕㼢㼕㼠㼥㻫㼃㼔㼍㼠㻌㼕㼟㻌㼢㼍㼏㼡㼡㼙㻫
An observer in a crystal as vacuum Phonon is an excitation of vacuum Strong field breaks vacuum
౦ช૬ ૬ช౦
૬كઌق Photon is a distortion of vacuum e+e- pair production out of vacuum
32
22328
4222
4
21 )~(
213)(4
3151)~(
47)(
901)( FFFF
mFFF
mAL NLOLO
loop
dui
ss
i
i
aNLOLO
loop
GFFGFm
q
FFFm
GAL
,
222228
42
2224
21
)~(2
13)(123151
)~(47)(
901)(
2222 FqGF s
944,5.15
21 22
dudu qqMeVmm
Euler-Heisenberg effective action in constant Abelian field U(1) can be expressed as
If U(1) -interacting attractive force of gluons
Focus on only light-light scattering amplitude after the substitution
Check of Euler-Heisenberg yet to come. Any deviation from it? -Niu, 1997, etc.)?
duie
i
i eGmm
qtermsttermnd
,
5.29248
42
724
12QCD effect dominates pure QED 1-loop vacuum polarization to light-light scattering
Higher order QED and QCD hep-ph/9806389
422 10)3.03.2(00 GeVGs
<GG>
e-e+
q+q-
(K.Homma, 2007)
Detection of (light) fields-particles missed by collider: exploring new fields such as
axion……
A.Chou et al.,PRL (2008) observed no signal so far (Note:claim of axion by PVLAS was withdrawn)
coup
ling
mass
B. King et al., Nature Photon. 4, 92(2010)
High amplitude photon-photon interaction
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Homma proposes: experimental test
2204 RneET
Rt
nRt
ncl
e-
Measure instantaneous variation of refractive indexin Electro-Optical crystal by external electric fields.
e-
z
z
xy y
x
Rx
))5.0(tan(cos 3/11Ry
TEO Erfn )(
Re
nrfln EO
302
)(2
R
Phase retardation
(Homma, 2007)
High Field Science and other (telescope, collider) approaches
Log10(Energy Density) [GeV/fm3]
Log 1
0(S
yste
m S
ize)
[fm
]
Horizon (h~0.7, =1.0)
Rest protone+e-
if Re < 10-20 m
pp AuAu
high laser field~1 m T~500fs
Gamma ray burstat 1010 LY (telescope)
(K.Homma)
High Field Science from an ELI Workshop talk
(H. Gies discussedat Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)Meeting, 2008)
Relativity Helps Acceleration (for Ions, too!)
In relativistic regime,photon x electronsand even protonscouple stronger.
(Tajima, 1999 @LLNL; Esirkepov et al.,PRL,2004)
Strong fields:rectifies laserto longitudinal fields
Beyond laser intensity 1024W/cm2 ions move relativistically like e-
Relativistic and monoenergetic ion beam may constitutecompact colliders of ions
QCD vacuum exploration
(Bulanov et al, 2004)
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• Broadened and maybe double humped structure on the away-side in 2-particle correlations.
• Could be caused by:– Large angle gluon radiation (Vitev and
Polsa and Salgado).
– Deflected jets, due to flow (Armesto, Salgado and Wiedemann) and/or path length dependent energy loss (Chiu and Hwa).
– Hydrodynamic conical flow from mach cone shock-waves (Stoecker, Casalderrey-Solanda, Shuryak and Teaney, Renk, Ruppert and Muller).
– Cerenkov gluon radiation (Dremin, Koch).
• Three-particle correlations to distinguish them.
Mediumaway
near
Deflected Jetsaway
near
Medium
Conical Emission
Nuclear wakefieldsPHENIX PRL 97, 052301 (2006)
PHENIX
2.5<pTTrigger<4 GeV/c
1<pTAssoc<2.5 GeV/c
3<pTTrigger<4 GeV/c
1<pTAssoc<2.5 GeV/c
0-12%Au+Au 0-5%
Horner (STAR) QM2006
J. Ulery (2007)
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PHENIX Results: Nuclear Wake
• 3-particle/2-particle ~ 1/3, very large– Residual background?
v2 subtracted Au+Au 10-20%
v2 and 2-particle subtracted
* Projections
v2 subtracted
2-particle dominated2-particle dominated
Mach-cone
Deflected
• Shape consistent with simulated mach-cone.
PRL 97, 052301 (2006)
PHENIX
Ajitanand (PHENIX) HP06, IWCF’06J. Ulery (2007)
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Conclusions• Collective acceleration driven by intense laser: leap by
many orders ( GeV electrons; 10 GeV soon; 100GeV considered; TeV laser collider contemplated; PeV possible?
• High momentum approach (Rutherford approach) vs high amplitude approach (laser approach): high field physics’s new paradigm
• Test of Einstein’s relativity (special and general theories), nonlinear QED (and QCD) (Schwinger physics), high acceleration (=gravitational) physics (horizon physics), test of equivalence principle, radiation dominant regime (physics of large acceleration/gravitation), quantum gravity
• Can we detect vacuum fields that permeate vacuum (such as dark energy)? What is vacuum? How to enhance the signal (forward scattering approach)? nonlinear optics in vacuum
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Pascal Lecture Plan(tentative, need your feedback)
• Oct.22: First Lecture (General) “ Laser Acceleration and High Field Science: 1979-2009”
• Nov.18: Second Lecture “Laser Electron Acceleration and its Future”
• Dec.9: Third Lecture “Laser Ion Acceleration”• January 20,2010: “Relativistic Engineering”• March 10: “Photonuclear Physics”• April 14: “High Field Science”• May 19: “Medical Applications”• ……
Merci Beaucoup et a la Prochaine Fois!