1

The Sixth Blaise Pascal Lecture Wednesday, April 14, 2010

Ecole Polytechnique

High Field Science

Toshiki TajimaBlaise Pascal Chair,

Fondation Ecole Normale SupérieureInstitut de Lumière Extrême

andLMU,MPQ, Garching

Acknowledgments for Collaboration and advice: G. Mourou, D. Habs, C. Barty, J. Fuchs, C. Labaune, P. Mora, T. Hayakawa, R. Hajima, F. Krausz, M. Fujiwara, T. Esirkepov, S. Bulanov, M. Kando, W. Sandner, M. Borghesi, M. Gross, Y. Kato, J. Urakawa, N. Zamfir, K. Leddingham, P. Thirolf, K. Homma, Y. Amano, H. Gies, T. Heinzl, R. Schuetzhold, T. Takahashi, A. Suzuki, M. Teshima, S. Iso

G. Mourou,

2

Extreme Light Infrastructure

Zettawatt Laser

Tom Connell / Wildlife Art Ltd.

KECK telescope(1/2)

10m

NIF

5MJ @ 10ns530nm

V

V

Deformablemirror

1028 W/cm2 ! 1micron

KDP crystalFsat 1 J/cm2

stre

tche

r

com

pres

sorNIF

10 m

1MJ10fs100m2

seedpulse

100m2

gratings

0.1 Zettawatt

Tajima,Mourou (PR, 2002)

(Beyond ELI)

4

20'' 4

-ph

phph

c vc v

Relativistic Engineering: relativity as the guiding tool (cf. quantum engineering)

EM Pulse Intensification and Shortening by the Relativistic Mirror

2''6max

0ph

I DI

-3ph:

3D Particle-In-Cell Simulation

(Bulanov, Esirkepov, Tajima, 2003)

5

High energy beam facility

RCNP䚸JAERI䚸JASRI collaboration

b) laser hutch

a) SPring-8SR ring

c) experimental hutch

Laser light

8 GeV electron

Recoil electron

Electron tagging

Collision

Inverse Compton -ray

6

New photonuclear processes(?)

(Spring-8)

7

Parity Mixing in Nuclei

Interaction between Neutral Current Boson and Meson (Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction)

Standard Nucleon-Nucleon InteractionZ0 : Neutral Current Boson

Interaction between Z0

and Mesons.

The interaction can be determinedby polarized LCS gamma-rays.Fujiwara, J. Phys. G (2006).

20th Century : began with Einstein, including theory for laser, 21st Century :laser test and even challenge Einstein.

9

Einstein and Ether

(A. Einstein, 1922)

10

What beam brings in to nuclear physics

• Rutherford approach(collider and particle beam)

high momentum penetrates deep interior of matter and scatters,

sees smallest detail of matter

/a 1 ( ,a are probe and target sizes)

• ‘laser’ (and beam) approach

photon beam penetrates, but not local real space structure,

excites the structure, induces dynamics and spectroscopy,

possibly controls/a ~ 104 ( both for atoms and nuclei)

beam revolution of nuclear physics:similar to laser revolution of atomic physics in’60s

11

Additional way preparing for the future in Fundamental Physics

• Collider paradigm ( ‘high momentum’ approach)quantum mechanics E t~ 䉬㻌䍑㻌㻱2

• Non-collider approaches ( ‘high field’ approach)relativity: the higher the energy, the pronounced the effect

horizon ~ 1/ a (extradimensions?)a = g (Einstein’s Equivalence Principle)?Unruh(a)-Hawking(g) radiation?special theory (no preferred frame? ; c( )?) extreme field physics (merger of research on special

and general theories of relativity; Can E also warp space; c(|E|2) )

what is vacuum? ( QED, QCD(axion), dark energy,…)

(Gies, Marlund, Di Piazza, Dunne, Schuetshold, Heinzl, Reiss, DeKieviert, Rafelski, Zayakin, Smilga, Cohen, Thirolf, Weinfurter, Labun,.. discussed)

09/3/9 12

2030 2040 2050 2060

1013

1014

1015

ILC

When  can  we  reach  1  PeV  ?:  Suzuki  Challenge

Laser plasma acceleratorexperiments

V. Yakimenko (BNL) and R. Ischebeck (SLAC), AAC2006 Summary report of WG4

e-e+ colliders

(Suzuki,2009)

Quantum Gravity: “Why is the sky blue?”

(for extreme high energy gamma rays)• Amelino-Camelia et al., Nature (1998)

high energy has dispersion:= kc + (extra mass-like term?), i.e. c( )

• May be regarded as scattering off quantum fluctuations of vacuum (gravitational origin).

• Other proposals, such as H. Sato (1972); Coleman-Glashow(1997), ….

breakdown of Lorentz invariance?(cosmic rays cease to exist beyond certain energy)

May be testable in PeV energy regimes.

The Crab Pulsar, a city-sized, magnetized neutron star spinning 30 times a second, lies at the center of this composite image of the inner region of the well-known Crab Nebula. The spectacular picture combines optical data (red) from the Hubble Space Telescope and x-ray images (blue) from the Chandra Observatory, also used in the popular Crab Pulsar movies. Like a cosmic dynamo the pulsar powers the x-ray and optical emission from the nebula, accelerating charged particles and producing the eerie, glowing x-ray jets. Ring-like structures are x-ray emitting regions where the high energy particles slam into the nebular material.

PeV from Crab Nebula

Can we see manifestation of quantum gravity, Lorentz variance in high energy ?How PeV electrons accelerated?

Special theory of relativity OK?

(Abdo et al, 2009)

-ray signal (GRB) from primordial GRB

Energy-dependent Photon mass?

limit is pushed up to near Planck mass

PeV (from e-)Can explore this

(Abdo, eta l, 2009)

2 2 2 2 20 0 0 02 2 ,cr

phe

nE m c a m c an

20

2 ,crd p

e

nL an 0

1 ,3

crp p

e

nL an

case I case II case III

a0 10 3.2 1

energy gain GeV 1000 1000 1000

plasma density cm-3 5.7x1016 5.7x1015 5.7x1014

acceleration length m 2.9 29 290

spot radius m 32 100 320

peak power PW 2.2 2.2 2.2

pulse duration ps 0.23 0.74 2.3

laser pulse energy kJ 0.5 1.6 5

Even 1PeV electrons (and s) are possible, albeit with lesser amountexploration of new physics such as the reach of relativity and quantum gravity

(correlating with primordial gamma-ray burst [GRB] observation)?(laser energy of 10MJ@plasma density of 1016/cc; maybe reduced with index 5/4)

Meeting Suzuki’s Challenge toward PeV

(when 1D theory applies)

18

Parameters Symbol Case I Case II Case III unit

number of stages Nstage 1 100 1000

wavelength 1 1 1 um

norm. laser amplitude a0 56 26 18

plasma density ne 1.8x1015 3.9x1016 1.8x1017 cm-3

gamma_ph ph 7.9x102 1.7x102 79

laser energy/stage EL,1 4.1x104 88 4.1 kJ

total laser energy EL,t 4.1x102 8.8 4.1 MJ

total energy gain W 1 1 1 PeV

pump depletion length Lp 1.2x104 57 3.9 m

dephasing length Ld 6.2x103 29 2 m

total acc length Lacc,t 6.2x103 2858.2 1957.8 m

spot radius w0 7.9x102 1.7x102 79 m

pulse duraton 9.8x102 2.1x102 98 fs

peak power P 4.2x104 4.2x102 42 PW

number of electrons Nbeam 1.7E+11 1.7E+10 5.5E+09

A Path toward PeV

(Tajima, Kando, Teshima)

Hawking Radiation (Exploration of Horizon)

What is ‘vacuum’? Does ‘something’ emerge from ‘nothing’?žᆰſᲷžᑥſᲹ žฆඇſ žᆃࡀſᲹ

vacuum = ‘matter‘ ? chaos information ?

Explore relativity with strong fields䠄Unruh radiation䠅

R. Schuetzhold Phys.Rev.Lett.97:121302, 2006

Larmor scatteringUnruh radiation

Correlatedpair radiation

Inertial frame

Rindler frame Strong correlation betweenabsorption and emissiondespite of causal disconnection

G. Unruh PRD 29 1047-1056, 1984

negative frequencymode in Rinder 2

Observerin RIndler 1

No correlated pairin background process

eVTkmVEcmWI

B 06.0]/[10]/[10 12217

~10eV (blue shift in lab. frame)

e- e-

(Chen, Tajima,1999)

Strong Acceleration Physics(Jackson, ch. 17)

Radiation damping: a heap of broken piecesikik FF selfexternal

selfext FFvm

cvvcqF for

32

3

2

self

self-field influences motion of charged particles

J.D. Jackson: many unsolved problems

vcqvm 3

2

32

(reference frame of resting charge)

Bad solution:

Two solutions: andconst.v

0at on accelerati

s 10632 ,

0

243

2/

0

tamcqeav t ൺ runaway solution

• wrong electromagnetic mass (4/3)me occurs in the force equation for a rigid spherical electron

• causality is violated; “pre-acceleration” of charged particles before force is turned on

??? All is wrong ???

J.D. Jackson: “Classical Electrodynamics”, ch. 17 (Wiley, New York, 1998)

(D. Habs)

Lorentz force

kik

i

uFcq

sumc extd

dLorentz force = usually leading order term

Constant B field = synchrotron

Circular orbit, sufficient precise, higher order terms are obscured by machine errors

a) Dynamics of electron with feed-back

b) Larmor formula for far-field radiations

(D.Habs)

Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac force(LAD)

ucqfcvFuF

cq

sumc i

kik

i

3

2

selfext 32 ,

dd

Generalization to: but but required2

22

dd

32

su

cq i

0dd ; 1 0 i

i

ii

ii u

suuuug

Add new 4-vector, which vanishes for with scalar iuv 0

2

2

2

22

dd

dd

32

suuu

su

cqg kki

ii

LAD equation:su

su

su

csu

cquF

cq

sumc

ii

kik

i

dd

dd

dd1

dd

6d

dd

22

22

ext

Finite velocity of interaction, development of Lagrangian to higher orders (LL §75)

LAD has exponentially fast runaway solutions: ; small velocities

Dirac postulates: asymptotic condition equivalent to initial conditionIn general solution chaotic, many physical and unphysical solutions, find a solution not hampered by instable solutions.

0extikF v

cevm 3

2

60)(lim sv

s0)0(x

P.A.M. Dirac, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 167, 148 (1938);

(D. Habs)

Landau-Lifshitz (LL) force= LAD force + leading order approximation

Derive an effective second order equation, which stays on the critical surface without exploding solutions.Landau-Lifshitz : Regard Lorentz force as leading order

and we insert it into radiation force (replace )u

im

kmlkl

kkl

illkl

iki

lkl

iklk

iki

kik

i

uuFuFcm

quFFcm

quux

FmcqF

uFFcm

quuxF

mcq

suuF

mcq

su

32

32

32

dd

dd

52

4

52

4

3

2

self

42

2

222

2

2

Lower order substitution = accepted recipe of singular perturbation theory= Pauli (1929), Heitler (1936)

The new equation does not have the difficulties of LAD,stable solution, with correct long-time behavior.

But: 4-momentum not collinear with 4-velocity

(D. Habs)

Landau-Lifshitz (II) for 1 electron extremely small radiation damping

im

kmlkl

kkl

iklkl

iki

ik

iki

uuFuFcm

euFFcm

euux

FmceF

FuFce

sumc

3

23

232

dd

52

4

52

4

3

3

self

self

(III)v (III) dominant term

vuFuFcm

ef mkml

kl 3

242

4

force opposite to velocity v

80242

0

2

42

332

Lorentz

self 10232)1(

32 52

4

LL

kik

kik

ce

im

kmlklcm

e rmccmr

eaEcm

euFuF

uuFuFFF

with 1 fm, 82.2 , ,2 0

2

0

22 rmc

remceEL

L

L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, “The Classical Theory of Fields”, 2nd ed., ch 76

(D. Habs)

Basic idea Coherent macroparticle

Assuming N electrons sitting on top of each other, so that they see all fields in phase, just like 1 giant electron with mass Mmac = N·me and charge Qmac = N·qe .

Le

Le

Ecm

eNEcm

eFF

42

3

42

3

Lorentz

self

32

32

N = 1010 for electron sheet, self force becomes dominant and can be studied experimentally in detail.

Testing all theories of radiation damping.

(D. Habs)

NaFF

L

8

ext

self 10

For a coherent bunch of N = 1010 the self force is dominant.

If gets larger by Doppler boost, N gets smaller by the same factor.

From LL we have learnt the dominant force

Now we put this into the of the LAD equation higher order LL equation.

im

kmlkl uuFuF

cmeF

32

52

4(1)

self

(1)selfF 2

2

dd

sui

... dd ...

dd

2

2

suF

su ii

replace by differentiate each term partiallyii

uFuFucm

esu

32

dd

63

4

Thus, the (Fu)(Fu) occurs with power n and as n

cme

63

4

32

nn NFFF 8)(self

(2)self

(1)self 10 high harmonics with (2 +3 ·n)

nEx

E 2kinkin

dd

Fast collective deceleration = step functionHigh harmonics of force result in multiples for far field radiation.

These high harmonics are boosted by (4 2)

Landau-Lifshitz (III) N > 108 electrons: dominant radiation damping

(Habs)

Strong coupling ( e·N >> L) for classical electrodynamics (I)

Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac: acceleration

, runaway solution

umcFu

mce

mcFu e

ext3

2ext

32

s 106 24e

eteatu /0)(

7thresh

824

ext

0 10211106

2/fs 2s 106 1

NdtFd

mcu

L

en

n

n

neRepeated substitution:

Coherent macroparticle: , coherent scattering not only

but

TN 2

Tn

n

NNN

0

2

thresh

2

eNmac

(D.Habs)

Electron sheet break-outfrom thin solid foil; Theory (I)

V. Kulagin et al., PRL 99 (2007) 124801B. Rau et al., PRL 78 (1997) 3310

Break-out condition0

00 E

EadkNEE L

Ls

foil thickness : d

2

L

p

cr

e

nnNdensity ratio :

LLk 2

laser wave number :

emcE L

0

Electrostatic fieldPoisson equation

Le

S EdenE 0

pressure balance

High-density overcritical e-sheet

t = 13 t = 20k 0 = 50

ions ions

O. Klimo et al., Phys. Rev. ST AB 11 (2008) 031301

Laser22 a

(D.Habs)

B. King, A. Di Piazza and C. H. Keitel, Nature Photon. 4, 92 (2010)

Nonlinear Optics in Vacuum

What is vacuum?Can vacuum be nonlinear?Is c constant?What contribute to nonlinear vacuum?

㼃㼔㼍㼠㻌㼕㼟㻌㼞㼑㼘㼍㼠㼕㼢㼕㼠㼥㻫㼃㼔㼍㼠㻌㼕㼟㻌㼢㼍㼏㼡㼡㼙㻫

An observer in a crystal as vacuum Phonon is an excitation of vacuum Strong field breaks vacuum

౦ช૬ ૬ช౦

૬كઌق Photon is a distortion of vacuum e+e- pair production out of vacuum

32

22328

4222

4

21 )~(

213)(4

3151)~(

47)(

901)( FFFF

mFFF

mAL NLOLO

loop

dui

ss

i

i

aNLOLO

loop

GFFGFm

q

FFFm

GAL

,

222228

42

2224

21

)~(2

13)(123151

)~(47)(

901)(

2222 FqGF s

944,5.15

21 22

dudu qqMeVmm

Euler-Heisenberg effective action in constant Abelian field U(1) can be expressed as

If U(1) -interacting attractive force of gluons

Focus on only light-light scattering amplitude after the substitution

Check of Euler-Heisenberg yet to come. Any deviation from it? -Niu, 1997, etc.)?

duie

i

i eGmm

qtermsttermnd

,

5.29248

42

724

12QCD effect dominates pure QED 1-loop vacuum polarization to light-light scattering

Higher order QED and QCD hep-ph/9806389

422 10)3.03.2(00 GeVGs

<GG>

e-e+

q+q-

(K.Homma, 2007)

Detection of (light) fields-particles missed by collider: exploring new fields such as

axion……

A.Chou et al.,PRL (2008) observed no signal so far (Note:claim of axion by PVLAS was withdrawn)

coup

ling

mass

B. King et al., Nature Photon. 4, 92(2010)

High amplitude photon-photon interaction

35

Homma proposes: experimental test

2204 RneET

Rt

nRt

ncl

e-

Measure instantaneous variation of refractive indexin Electro-Optical crystal by external electric fields.

e-

z

z

xy y

x

Rx

))5.0(tan(cos 3/11Ry

TEO Erfn )(

Re

nrfln EO

302

)(2

R

Phase retardation

(Homma, 2007)

High Field Science and other (telescope, collider) approaches

Log10(Energy Density) [GeV/fm3]

Log 1

0(S

yste

m S

ize)

[fm

]

Horizon (h~0.7, =1.0)

Rest protone+e-

if Re < 10-20 m

pp AuAu

high laser field~1 m T~500fs

Gamma ray burstat 1010 LY (telescope)

(K.Homma)

High Field Science from an ELI Workshop talk

(H. Gies discussedat Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)Meeting, 2008)

Relativity Helps Acceleration (for Ions, too!)

In relativistic regime,photon x electronsand even protonscouple stronger.

(Tajima, 1999 @LLNL; Esirkepov et al.,PRL,2004)

Strong fields:rectifies laserto longitudinal fields

Beyond laser intensity 1024W/cm2 ions move relativistically like e-

Relativistic and monoenergetic ion beam may constitutecompact colliders of ions

QCD vacuum exploration

(Bulanov et al, 2004)

40

• Broadened and maybe double humped structure on the away-side in 2-particle correlations.

• Could be caused by:– Large angle gluon radiation (Vitev and

Polsa and Salgado).

– Deflected jets, due to flow (Armesto, Salgado and Wiedemann) and/or path length dependent energy loss (Chiu and Hwa).

– Hydrodynamic conical flow from mach cone shock-waves (Stoecker, Casalderrey-Solanda, Shuryak and Teaney, Renk, Ruppert and Muller).

– Cerenkov gluon radiation (Dremin, Koch).

• Three-particle correlations to distinguish them.

Mediumaway

near

Deflected Jetsaway

near

Medium

Conical Emission

Nuclear wakefieldsPHENIX PRL 97, 052301 (2006)

PHENIX

2.5<pTTrigger<4 GeV/c

1<pTAssoc<2.5 GeV/c

3<pTTrigger<4 GeV/c

1<pTAssoc<2.5 GeV/c

0-12%Au+Au 0-5%

Horner (STAR) QM2006

J. Ulery (2007)

41

PHENIX Results: Nuclear Wake

• 3-particle/2-particle ~ 1/3, very large– Residual background?

v2 subtracted Au+Au 10-20%

v2 and 2-particle subtracted

* Projections

v2 subtracted

2-particle dominated2-particle dominated

Mach-cone

Deflected

• Shape consistent with simulated mach-cone.

PRL 97, 052301 (2006)

PHENIX

Ajitanand (PHENIX) HP06, IWCF’06J. Ulery (2007)

42

Conclusions• Collective acceleration driven by intense laser: leap by

many orders ( GeV electrons; 10 GeV soon; 100GeV considered; TeV laser collider contemplated; PeV possible?

• High momentum approach (Rutherford approach) vs high amplitude approach (laser approach): high field physics’s new paradigm

• Test of Einstein’s relativity (special and general theories), nonlinear QED (and QCD) (Schwinger physics), high acceleration (=gravitational) physics (horizon physics), test of equivalence principle, radiation dominant regime (physics of large acceleration/gravitation), quantum gravity

• Can we detect vacuum fields that permeate vacuum (such as dark energy)? What is vacuum? How to enhance the signal (forward scattering approach)? nonlinear optics in vacuum

43

Pascal Lecture Plan(tentative, need your feedback)

• Oct.22: First Lecture (General) “ Laser Acceleration and High Field Science: 1979-2009”

• Nov.18: Second Lecture “Laser Electron Acceleration and its Future”

• Dec.9: Third Lecture “Laser Ion Acceleration”• January 20,2010: “Relativistic Engineering”• March 10: “Photonuclear Physics”• April 14: “High Field Science”• May 19: “Medical Applications”• ……

Merci Beaucoup et a la Prochaine Fois!