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Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and a Modern Journey to the Center of the Earth
Michael WysessionProfessor of Geophysics, Dept of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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PLATE
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“Plate Tectonics,” The Basic Idea:
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Locations of the Major Tectonic “Plates”
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A Global Map of Earthquakes Also Shows the Plate Boundaries
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Japanese Folklore: Earthquakes caused by giant Namazu.
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Following the 1755 Lisbon earthquake on All Saint’s Day, the Spanish Inquisition burned people at the stake to atone for the city’s sins.
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The San Andreas Fault
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The Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP), with the support of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), and endorsed as a demonstration program in the framework of the United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (UN/IDNDR).
More reasonable assessment, based upon actual seismicity
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Earthquakes occur where earthquakes occur, and…
Earthquakes occur where seismometers exist
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Earthquakes occur where earthquakes occur
Earthquakes occur where seismometers exist
Almost no seismometers!!
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The NMFZ is associated with the Reelfoot Rift – a failed rift zone that was active 750 million years ago, as the supercontinent Rodinia began to break up.
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The Reelfoot Rift is a region of lower elevation (which is why the Mississippi River flows down through it!).
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New Madrid earthquakes
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o Historical o Instrumental
Notice all the earthquakes EAST of the NMSZ!
The NMSZ might be finished (for now?). It might be time for a different failed rift to undergo some continental creaking.
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Wabash Valley Seismic Zone earthquakes:
The latest - Mw 5.2 on April 18, 2008 (last Friday!)
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A DEVASTATING EVENT: THE SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 26, 2004
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Burma Microplate Sumatra
Indian Plate
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Northward Motion of
India Deforms
the Entire Region
SumatraEarthquake
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Sumatra-Andaman Dec 26, 2004 EQ & TsunamiSumatra-Andaman Dec 26, 2004 EQ & Tsunami
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Banda Aceh:
Before….
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Banda Aceh:
Before….
and After…..
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So….could this happen in America?!?
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Massive landslides in places like the Canary Islands could cause enormous Atlantic tsunamis!
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There have also been Giant Undersea Landslides in the Puerto Rico Trench!!!!
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For Large Earthquakes, Seismic Waves Circle the Earth for Months to Years, Making it Ring Like a Gong.
(Earth’s Lowest Note, With a Period of ~54 Minutes, is an E, Twenty Octaves Below Middle E on a Piano.)
Courtesy of J. Tromp
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Courtesy of IRIS
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Can Seismologists Predict Earthquakes?
(Only one earthquake was ever successfully predicted: 1975 Tangshan, China)
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Earthquake Prediction: Animal Behavior?
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Earthquake Forecasting: Seismic Gap Hypothesis?
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Lack of success reminiscent of New York City “bear gap” hypothesis
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USGS Forecast: Parkfield Earthquake in 1987
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On Sep. 28, 2004, the Parkfield EQ finally happened!!
Was it is successful prediction???
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Courtesy of A. Dziewonski
Seismic Imaging Has Allowed Us to Explore the Interior of Our Planet….
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A Medical CT-Scan
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Courtesy of S. Zhong
DOWNWELLING UPWELLING
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For a copy of this presentation, please email me at:
The information can also be found (and more) in the 48-lecture Teaching Company video course “How the Earth Works”