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Ecology Unit 2
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What is Ecology?
Ecosystems
Biomes
Biological Hierarchy
Abiotic & Biotic
How Competition
Effects Ecosystems
Carrying Capacity
Limiting Factors
Density Deponent
and Independent
Factors
Variations and
Adaptations
Types Relationships
Food Chains & Webs
Ecological Niches
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What is Ecology?
Greek it literally means Home Study
Ecology- the scientific study of the interactions
between organisms and the environment
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Types of Ecology
Global Ecology- the sum of all the planets
ecosystems and landscapes
Landscape Ecology- Focuses on the factors
controlling the exchange of energy materials and
organisms across multiple ecosystems
Ecosystem Ecology- The flow of energy and
chemical cycling between organisms in an
environment
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Types of Ecology
Community Ecology- examines the interactions
betweens species (predator/prey and resource
competitions) and how that effects an ecological
community
Population Ecology- examines the factors that
influence population size and interactions over time
Organismal Ecology- studies how an organisms
structure, physiology and behaviors meet the
challenges posed by its environment
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Ecology’s Influence on
Climate
Climate- the long term prevailing weather condition in a
given area
4 Factors that influence climate
Temperature
Precipitation
Sunlight
Wind
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Ecology’s Influence on
Climate
Climate patterns are influence by ecological
factors (large bodies of water, mountains, eat.)
Seasonal variations are also influenced by
ecological factors (amount of sunlight, amount
of precipitation)
Climate changes cause organisms to change
their behaviors
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Ecosystems
Ecosystem- is the community of organisms in
an area and the physical factors which those
organisms interact
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Abiotic vs Biotic
Abiotic factors- nonliving
factors
A= not
Non living components of
an ecosystem
(temperature, light,
physical attributes, ect.)
Biotic Factors- living factors
Bio= life
The living organisms in an
environments (plants,
animals, bacteria ect. )
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Are these Biotic or Abiotic
factors?
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Bioms Biome- a major life zone characterized by vegetation type or by
the physical environment
Savanna
Grassland
Tundra
Lake
Wetland
Oceanic
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Extra Vocabulary
Biomass- The total mass of all the organisms in
an area
Biosphere-the global ecological system
integrating all living beings and their
relationships
Trophic Level- each of several hierarchical
levels in an ecosystem
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Taxonomy
Taxonomy is a way of classifying and naming
organisms
It allows us to classify organisms very
specifically so that other scientist know what we
are talking about
It starts with the most encompassing group and
works its way down to the most specific group
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
A Biological Species is a group of closely
related organisms that are very similar to
each other and are usually capable of
interbreeding and producing fertile
offspring
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Biological Hierarchy
Without organization there would be no life
On order to have a form and function there must
be some sort of organization
We are going to start from the smallest unit of
nonliving matter and work it up to an ecosystem
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Atoms
Basic Unit of
nonliving matter
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Compound
2 + atoms of different
elements chemically
combined together
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Organelle
a structure that as specific function inside the cell
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Cell
Basic unit of
living matter
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Tissue
A group of cells coming
together and preforming
a common function
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Organ
A group of tissues that come
together for a common
function
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Organ System
2 + organs coming
together to preform
a common function
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Organism
An individual living thing that can react to stimuli,
reproduce, grow, and maintain homeostasis.
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Population
A group of organisms of the same species in the
same area
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Community
All the populations in a given area
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Ecosystems
Ecosystem- is the community of organisms in
an area and the physical factors which those
organisms interact
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Biosphere
the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere
of the earth occupied by living organisms.
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Population vs Community
Biological Population- A group of organisms of
one species that interbreed and live in the same
place and same time
Biological Community- a group of
interdependent organisms living and interacting
with each other in the same habitat
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Limiting Factors
Do populations grow exponentially?
Limiting Factor- are any factor that affects an organism’s
ability to survive in its environment
These factors affect population growth
What are some limiting factors?
Food/water availability
Predation
Disease
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How Competition Effects
The Environment?
Competition- is an interaction between organisms or
species in which both the organisms or species are
harmed.
If food is scarce and animals will compete for it one
ultimately getting more then the other.
What happens to individuals as a population size
increases?
What happens when the need for a resource exceeds
the supply of it?
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Density Independent
Factors Density Independent Factors- factors such as
weather and climate, that have an influence on
a population size regardless of the population's
density.
Naturally occurring events
Abiotic factors
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Density Dependent
Factors
Density Dependent Factor- Any factor limiting the
size of a population whose effect is dependent on
the number of individuals in the population
What are some density dependent factors?
Disease, competition for resources, predation
Biotic factors
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Carrying Capacity
Carrying Capacity- the number of people, other
living organisms, or crops that a region can
support without environmental degradation.
In other words the maximum population size that
an particular environment can sustain
If a population cannot get the resources it needs
reproduce and thrive it will start to decrease
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What will happen if on the savanna there
is an increase number of gazelles?
Grass/foliage will decrease
The increase will attract more predators to the
area
There will be more competition for resources
with the gazelles for grass or with other
predators for the gazelles
If not regulated the number of gazelles and
predators will continue to grow
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What happens when the carrying
capacity is exceeded?
There is not enough foliage to maintain the population of
gazelles. They start to die off due to malnutrition
Predators also take a toll on the gazelle population and
causes a decrease because the gazelle are no longer
reproducing fast enough to keep up with the loss.
If the population is big enough disease sets in to decrease
the gazelle population even more
With less resources the predators start to leave or die off
This will continue until the population for that given area is
back within its carrying capacity
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Carrying Capacity Graph
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Ecological Niches
Ecological Niche- is the role and position a
species has in its environment. It includes all of
its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors
of its environment.
A habitat is it’s “address;” A niche is its
“profession”
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Tree lizard niche
Both of these are tree lizards
Look at their coloration is one
more adapted to being up in
the leaves of the tree?
Both of these lizards occupy
different parts of the same tree
Both of these lizards occupy
different niches even though
they may be less then 10ft
apart.
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Extra Vocabulary
Predation- the preying of one animal on others.
Ecological Pyramid- is a graphical representation
designed to show the biomass at each trophic level in a
given ecosystem.
Habitat- Place where an organism or a biological
population normally lives or occurs.
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Variations vs Adaptations
Variation- differences between individuals,
which may be structural, functional, or
physiological
Adaptations- are the result of gradual,
accumulative changes that helps an organism
survive and reproduce.
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Variations vs Adaptations
Variations are differences between individuals
this doesn't mean that they are necessary
different species
Adaptations are differences that a passed down
from generation to generation until the new
generation is a distinct different species from
the original
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Variations vs Adaptations Think of a peacock vs
a peahen
There is a variation
between their colors
but they can still
interbreed thus they
are the same species
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Variations vs Adaptations
Think of the Ground finch and
Warbler finch
Their is a distinct difference in
the size and type of their beak
and this beak is passed down
from generation to generation.
These two finches are
different species so they cant
interbreed making the beak
size an adaptation opposed to
a variation.
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Why do we eat food?
Does the food we eat also need energy?
Where does the food we eat get its energy?
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Think of a Turkey
Sandwich:
You eat it because your body needs it for
nourishment and it gives you energy
How does it do that?
Turkey/meat get their energy from other
organisms or plants
Plants make energy through the process of
photosynthesis
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Producers and
Consumers
There are only 2 types of organisms in this world:
producers and consumers
Producer- an autotrophic organism capable of producing
complex organic compounds from simple inorganic
molecules through the process of photosynthesis
It uses sunlight to make energy
Autotrophic organism- an organism capable of
synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances
such as light
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Producers and
Consumers
Consumers-An organism that generally obtains
food by feeding on other organisms or organic
matter due to lack of the ability to manufacture
own food from inorganic sources; a heterotroph
Consumers get energy by consuming
Heterotroph-An organism that cannot
manufacture its own food and instead obtains its
food and energy by taking in organic substances
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Are these a consumer or
producer?
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Extra Vocabulary
Chemoautotroph- an organism, typically a bacterium, that
derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds
Decomposer- an organism, especially a soil bacterium,
fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material
Detrivore- an animal that feeds on dead organic material
Omnivore- an animal or person that eats food of both plant
and animal origin
Carnivore- an animal that feeds on flesh
Herbivore- an animal that feeds on plants.
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Using your vocabulary what kind
of organisms are the following?
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Food Chain
A food chain shows the flow of energy through
the environment from producer to consumer.
A food chain consist of an organism “being
eaten” by another organism with an arrow
showing the transfer of energy
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Types of Consumers
Primary- herbivores that feed on producers. They
receive the highest concentration of energy from their
diet. They are getting the first cut of energy.
Secondary- mainly carnivores that prey on other
animals and get their energy from those animals. They
only get a portion of the energy the Primary consumer
got from its diet.
Tertiary- strictly carnivores that prey on secondary
consumers. They only get a portion of the energy the
secondary consumer got from its meal.
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Energy Pyramid
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Food Webs
What differences do you
see from a food chain to
food web?
A food web is several
interconnected food chains
It is a more accurate
representation of how
energy is transferred in an
ecosystem
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Name the producers, and types of
consumers in this food web: (primary,
secondary, tertiary)
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Organismal Interactions
In this world organisms interact with one
another.
Predators eat pray
Animals use other organisms for shelter (bird
in a tree)
We live in a complicated world that we interact
with on a daily basis.
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Types of Organismal
Relationships
Predator/Prey
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
The last 3 are forms of Symbiosis
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Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- when 2 + species live in direct and intimate contact
with one another
Parasitism- a relationship when one organism, the parasite,
benefits from and harms the host (ex: a tick on a dog)
Mutualism- a relationship when both organisms benefit from one
another (ex: ants on a tree, the tree gets protection from the ants
and the ants gets food from the tree)
Commensalism- a relationship when one organism benefits but
the other organism is neither helped or harmed (ex: cattle egrets
in the pasture with cattle)
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Ecological Footprint
So do we as humans effect the environment?
Deforestation
Overpopulation (over eating)
Burning of fuel (pollution in the atmosphere)
Disrupting food webs and symbiotic relationships
We only have 1 world and once we use all its
resources up there is no going back
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