Download - Educate - Learning Stream
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❖ Educate
❖ Train to assist archaeologists
❖ Recruit volunteers to help
record and protect sites
Objectives
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❖ Inform
❖ Change Behavior
❖ Perspective (across time and space)
❖ Instill Respect
Education
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❖Land Management Agencies
• Bureau of Land Management
• Forest Service
• National Park Service
• Fish and Wildlife Services
❖State Lands
Public Lands
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Volunteer• professional archaeological inventories
• professional archaeological excavations
• provide research or information
• Non-profit organizations (Interpretive Associations, Dixie Archaeological Society, Old Spanish Trail Association, etc.)
• Site Stewards to help protect archaeological sites
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❖Cultural Resources = any prehistoric or historic period artifact, site, building, structure, material remain, or traditional use area resulting from, or associated with, human cultural activity.
❖protect and manage scarce cultural resources
Cultural Resource Management
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Cultural History
12000-8000 BC PaleoIndian
8000-1000 BC Archaic
1000 BC-AD 1300 Ancestral Puebloan
AD 1150-now Southern Paiute
AD1776-now Historic
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• Makes it illegal to excavate, injure, or destroy
any object of antiquity
• Obligates Federal agencies to manage public
lands for present an future generations
• Provides for a permitting process for scientific
excavation
• Authorizes the President to designate National
Monuments
• Establishes that archaeological sites are
important public resources
Antiquities Act of 1906
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• Establishes Advisory Council on Historic
Preservation
• Provides for a State Historic Preservation Office in each state
• Establishes National Register of Historic Places
• Establishes a review process to protect cultural resources
• Requires Federal agencies to protect cultural resources
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
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Procedural law
Further defined by 36 CFR 800
Legal standard = reasonable and good faith effort
Consequences for non-compliance
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and/or SHPOs – non-compliance
Lawsuits for non-compliance
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
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Criteria
A. associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history or
B. associated with the lives of significant persons in or past or
C. embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or
D. have yielded or may be likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory.
National Register of Historic Places
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This is the Place
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Old Spanish National Historic Trail
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“prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion on, the National Register of Historic Places, including artifacts, records, and material remains related to such a property or resource.”
Historic PropertyDefinition
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Initiate Section 106 process – undertaking?
Identify Historic Properties
Assess Effects
Resolve Effects
Avoid, minimize or mitigate adverse effects
Memorandum of Agreement (MOA)
36 CFR 800
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Literature Search – Class I
Reconnaissance
Sample Survey – Class II
Complete Survey – Class III
Archaeological Survey
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Testing –
Significance Depth or extent of site
Excavation –Hand excavated unitsBackhoe – trenching or clearing
Archaeological Excavation
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Mitigate Effects –
Recording
Avoiding
Testing
Excavating
Mitigation
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• Establishes the President’s Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
• Requires Federal agencies to evaluate environmental effects of their actions
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)
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• Defines archaeological resource
• Forbids sales, purchase, exchange, transport, or receipt of archaeological resources
• Provides substantial fines and a jail sentence, if convicted
• Provides for confiscating equipment used in violating the law
Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1978 (ARPA)
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ARPA substantially increased the penalties that can be levied against convicted violators.
• 1st time felony offenders
o up to $20,000 and
o imprisoned for up to 1 year
• 2nd time felony offenders
o up to $100,000 and
o imprisoned for up to 5 years.
ARPA Penalties
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Site Steward Programs
• Utah and Arizona programs –
• Arizona State Parks
• Conserve SW Utah (SUNCLF)
• Started in 1986 – Arizona Site Steward Program
• BLM and Forest Service
• Agency eyes and ears – observe and report
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Private Contractors
• BLM
• Forest Service
• UDOT
• State Agencies
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