❖ Educate

❖ Train to assist archaeologists

❖ Recruit volunteers to help

record and protect sites

Objectives

❖ Inform

❖ Change Behavior

❖ Perspective (across time and space)

❖ Instill Respect

Education

❖Land Management Agencies

• Bureau of Land Management

• Forest Service

• National Park Service

• Fish and Wildlife Services

❖State Lands

Public Lands

Volunteer• professional archaeological inventories

• professional archaeological excavations

• provide research or information

• Non-profit organizations (Interpretive Associations, Dixie Archaeological Society, Old Spanish Trail Association, etc.)

• Site Stewards to help protect archaeological sites

❖Cultural Resources = any prehistoric or historic period artifact, site, building, structure, material remain, or traditional use area resulting from, or associated with, human cultural activity.

❖protect and manage scarce cultural resources

Cultural Resource Management

Cultural History

12000-8000 BC PaleoIndian

8000-1000 BC Archaic

1000 BC-AD 1300 Ancestral Puebloan

AD 1150-now Southern Paiute

AD1776-now Historic

• Makes it illegal to excavate, injure, or destroy

any object of antiquity

• Obligates Federal agencies to manage public

lands for present an future generations

• Provides for a permitting process for scientific

excavation

• Authorizes the President to designate National

Monuments

• Establishes that archaeological sites are

important public resources

Antiquities Act of 1906

• Establishes Advisory Council on Historic

Preservation

• Provides for a State Historic Preservation Office in each state

• Establishes National Register of Historic Places

• Establishes a review process to protect cultural resources

• Requires Federal agencies to protect cultural resources

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

Procedural law

Further defined by 36 CFR 800

Legal standard = reasonable and good faith effort

Consequences for non-compliance

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and/or SHPOs – non-compliance

Lawsuits for non-compliance

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

Criteria

A. associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history or

B. associated with the lives of significant persons in or past or

C. embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or

D. have yielded or may be likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory.

National Register of Historic Places

This is the Place

Old Spanish National Historic Trail

“prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion on, the National Register of Historic Places, including artifacts, records, and material remains related to such a property or resource.”

Historic PropertyDefinition

Initiate Section 106 process – undertaking?

Identify Historic Properties

Assess Effects

Resolve Effects

Avoid, minimize or mitigate adverse effects

Memorandum of Agreement (MOA)

36 CFR 800

Literature Search – Class I

Reconnaissance

Sample Survey – Class II

Complete Survey – Class III

Archaeological Survey

Testing –

Significance Depth or extent of site

Excavation –Hand excavated unitsBackhoe – trenching or clearing

Archaeological Excavation

Mitigate Effects –

Recording

Avoiding

Testing

Excavating

Mitigation

• Establishes the President’s Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

• Requires Federal agencies to evaluate environmental effects of their actions

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)

• Defines archaeological resource

• Forbids sales, purchase, exchange, transport, or receipt of archaeological resources

• Provides substantial fines and a jail sentence, if convicted

• Provides for confiscating equipment used in violating the law

Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1978 (ARPA)

ARPA substantially increased the penalties that can be levied against convicted violators.

• 1st time felony offenders

o up to $20,000 and

o imprisoned for up to 1 year

• 2nd time felony offenders

o up to $100,000 and

o imprisoned for up to 5 years.

ARPA Penalties

Site Steward Programs

• Utah and Arizona programs –

• Arizona State Parks

• Conserve SW Utah (SUNCLF)

• Started in 1986 – Arizona Site Steward Program

• BLM and Forest Service

• Agency eyes and ears – observe and report

Private Contractors

• BLM

• Forest Service

• UDOT

• State Agencies