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Egyptian Civilization
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Egyptian Religion
We have learnedabout their religiousbeliefs from not onlyTombs, but also wall
paintings They Believed in
many gods Amon Re Sun god
Pharaoh was alsoseen as a god
Many believed in Isisand Osiris story
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Belief in Afterlife Mummification was a
way that the deadcould be preserved forthe afterlife and buriedwith everything they
would need in theafterlife.
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MATERIALS USED IN MUMMIFICATION:
1. Linen
2. Sawdust
3. Lichen
4. Beeswax
5. Resin 10. Frankincense
6. Natron
7. Onion
8. Nile mud
9. Linen pads
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Farmer and Women of Egypt Farming in Summer,
working for the Pharaohin the off-season
Trade would expand theMerchant class.
Women had many rightsincluding businessowning, property rightsand divorce
Many women workedoutside the home andcould even become a
priest.
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The flooding of the Nile rendered the narrow strip of land on either side of the river
extremely fertile. INTENSIVE AGRICULTUREwas practiced by the majority of the
peasant population. who played a vital role within the country's STRICTHIERARHICAL SOCIETY. As the flood waters receded, SOWINGand PLOWING
began, using primitive wooden plows.
In addition to such GRAINSas barley and emmer (a coarse wheat), a large variety
of VEGETABLESwere grown, including onions, garlic, leeks, beans, lentils, peas,
radishes, cabbage, cucumbers, and lettuce. There were also FRUITSsuch asdates, figs, pomegranates, melons and grapes,
The abundance of flowers provided nectar for the bees to produce HONEY, which
the Egyptians processed. FLAXwas grown for making linen, and PAPYRUSwas
harvested to be converted into paper, ropes, mats, sandals and light skiffs.
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Egyptian skills
Medicine Egyptianphysicians believed inmagic, but alsostudied symptoms,
diagnosing illness andwould find cures todisease.
Did surgery, createdmedical manuals on
papyrus( kind of papermade from plant ), aswell as prescribedmedicine that is stillused today.
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More Skills
Created 12 monthcalendar with 30 dayseach, which becamebasis for modern
calendar.
Created practicalgeometry to survey landand create boundaries for
farms Built pyramids which are
huge Tomb structureswith huge stone blocks.
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One of the oldest mysteries surrounding ancient Egypt concerns thebuilding of the PYRAMIDS. How did humans move such massiveblocks of stone using only Stone Age tools? The Egyptians left
thousands of illustrations depicting daily life in the Old Kingdom.
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Art and Literature
From tombs and wallpaintings we knowthey Egyptians werevery talented artisans
Wrote many folk talestories of battle aswell as poems andsongs.
They would sharethese with theirSumerian neighbors.
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The PHAROAHwas at the top of the social
hierarchy.
Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the co-
operation of all levels of the population.
Under them were the HIGH PRIESTS,followed by ROYAL OVERSEERS
(administrators) who ensured that the
42 DISTRICT GOVERNORScarried out
the pharaoh's orders.
Next to him, the most powerful officers
were the VIZIERS, the executive heads of
the bureaucracy.
At the bottom of the hierarchywere the SCRIBES, ARTISANS,
FARMERS, and LABORERS.
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MATHEMATICS:Although the Egyptians lacked the symbol for zero, they
calculated numbers based on the DECIMALand the repetitive (numbers
based on the POWER OF 10). The following signs were used to representnumbers in the decimal system
1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Numbers were usually written LEFT TO RIGHT, starting with the highest
denominator. For example, in the number 2,525the first number to appear
on the left would be 2000, then 500, 20 and 5, as follows:
The Egyptians did not develop abstract mathematical formulas. They used
the simplearithmetic of ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION