Electric Vehicles in New Zealand:from Passenger to Driver?Scott Lemon, Dr Allan Miller
New Zealand Greenhouse Gas EmissionsGreenhouse gas emissions by sector and vehicle type in New Zealand
Tonnes of greenhouse gases emitted by New Zealand in 2012
76million
New Zealand Greenhouse Gas EmissionsGreenhouse gas emissions by sector and vehicle type in New Zealand
New Zealand Greenhouse Gas EmissionsGreenhouse gas emissions by sector and vehicle type in New Zealand
Electric VehiclesA shortcut to a greener future or just an expensive dead end?
Market Policy Environment
1 2 3
Market
1.1 New Zealand Vehicle FleetPassenger car ownership per 1000 people for OECD countries
Turk
eyChi
le
Mexico
Israe
l
Sout
h Kor
ea
Hunga
ry
Slov
akia
Denm
ark
Esto
nia
Czech
Rep
ublic
Irela
nd
Canad
a
Pola
nd
Japa
n UK
Swed
en
Nethe
rland
s
Norway
Fran
ce
Spai
n
Belgi
um
Greec
e
Germ
any
Switz
erla
nd
Slov
enia
Austri
a
Finla
nd
Austra
lia
New Z
eala
ndIta
lyUSA
Icela
nd
Luxe
mbo
urg
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Country
Passen
ger
Cars
(p
er
1000 p
eop
le)
Highest rate of passenger car ownership in the OECD
5th
Passenger cars per 1000 people in New Zealand60
0
Light passenger vehicles registered in New Zealand
2.6million
1.2 New Zealand Vehicle MarketSales of new and ex-overseas light passenger vehicles in New Zealand
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
New
Ex-overseas
Year
New
Lig
ht
Passen
ger
Veh
icle
Reg
istr
ati
on
s
(th
ou
san
d)
1.3 New Zealand Fleet CompositionAge distribution of passenger vehicles in the New Zealand fleet
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 400
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Vehicle Age (years)
Nu
mb
er
of
Reg
iste
red
Passen
ger
Veh
icle
s
Average age of a light passenger vehicle in New Zealand in 2011
13.6
years
1.4 Electric Vehicles in the MarketOverview of current generation electric vehicles on the market
Model Year
Type
Body Motor(kW)
Battery(kWh)
Electric Range (km)
Efficiency(kWh/km)
RRP($)
Mitsubishi i-MiEV2012
EV5-door hatchback
47 16 100-160 0.168(NZ)
59990
Nissan LEAF2012
EV5-door hatchback
80 24 115-175 0.189(NZ)
69600
Holden Volt2013
PHEV
5-door hatchback
111 24 50-80 0.25(NZ)
85000
Smart Fortwo ED2013
EV 2-door coupe 35 17.6 140 0.151 -
Toyota RAV4 EV2012
EV 4-door SUV 115 35 165 0.27(US)
49800
Tesla Model S (40kWh)
2012
EV 4-door fastback 175 40 260 0.24(US)
59900
BMW ActiveE2012
EV 2-door coupe 125 32 160 0.14 -
Toyota Prius PHV2013
PHEV
5-door hatchback
60 4.4 20 0.27(US)
32000
Fisker Karma2012
PHEV
4-door sedan 210 20.1 80 0.40(US)
102000
1.5 Cost Analysis – Running CostsComparison of annual yearly fuel costs for different vehicle types
Type Fuel Consumption
(units/km)
Fuel Price (2012)
$NZD/unit
Annual Fuel Cost (2012)$NZD
Petrol - New 0.074 2.13 1923
Petrol - Old 0.088 2.13 2286
Diesel 0.056 1.52 1038
Hybrid 0.039 2.13 1013
Electric – Peak rate 0.19 0.277 643
Electric – Off-peak rate
0.19 0.15 348
Per km for an average petrol vehicle in NZ
18¢Per km for an average hybrid vehicle in NZ
8¢
Per km for an average electric vehicle in NZ
4¢
1.6 Cost AnalysisCumulative cost of owning a petrol, diesel, hybrid and electric vehicle from 2012
1.7 Cost Analysis – Tariffs Cumulative cost of owning an electric vs. petrol vehicle with off-peak charging
1.8 Electric Vehicle Sales in New ZealandAnnual number of registered electric light passenger vehicles in New Zealand
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Year
No.
of
Reg
iste
red
Ele
ctr
ic L
PV
in
New
Zea-
lan
d
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 20200
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Projec-tion
MOT
Year
No.
of
Reg
iste
red
Ele
ctr
ic L
PV
in
New
Zea-
lan
d
1.9 Electric Vehicle Sales in New ZealandAnnual number of registered electric light passenger vehicles in New Zealand
Of light passenger vehicles sold in 2025 are to be EVs (NZ target)
15%
1.10 Electric Vehicle Sales WorldwideA global comparison of electric vehicle uptake by country
Norw
ay
Est
on
ia
Neth
erl
an
ds
Jap
an
Belg
ium
US
A
Den
mark
Fra
nce
Au
stri
a
Ch
ina
Sw
ed
en
Can
ad
a
UK
Germ
an
y
Irela
nd
Port
ug
al
Italy
Sp
ain
Au
stra
lia
New
Zeala
nd
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Country
% o
f Ele
ctr
ic V
eh
icle
s in
LP
V F
leet
Policy and Regulation
2.1 Policy and RegulationBreakdown of measures available to governments for stimulating EV adoption
Organisational
Economic Suasive Regulatory
Sales tax Subsidies Bonus/malus Scrappage Annual tax Fuel taxation
Education Standards &
guidelines
Emission targets Vehicle standards
Infrastructure Usage incentives
Free parking HOV lane use
Measures
2.2 Economic Measures – Tax ReductionGlobal overview of countries implementing tax reduction measures for EVs
AustriaBelgiumCzech RepublicDenmarkFinland
FranceGermanyGreeceIndiaIreland
IsraelItalyJapanNetherlandsNorway
SwitzerlandPortugalSouth KoreaSpainSweden
TurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
2.3 Economic Measures - SubsidiesGlobal overview of countries implementing direct subsidy measures for EVs
CanadaChinaFinlandIndiaIreland
JapanLuxembourgSouth KoreaSpainUnited Kingdom
2.4 Economic Measures - SubsidiesComparison of maximum price subsidy offered and EV uptake rate by country
Country % EVs in LPV
Fleet
Price Offset($USD)
Norway 0.390 20000
Estonia 0.140 24000
Netherlands 0.093 0
Japan 0.047 2700
Belgium 0.035 12250
USA 0.031 7500
Denmark 0.030 30000
France 0.026 8000
Austria 0.022 0
China 0.020 8800
Country % EVs in LPV
Fleet
Price Offset($USD)
Sweden 0.016 600
Canada 0.012 8650
United Kingdom 0.011 8200
Germany 0.011 0
Ireland 0.010 8000
Portugal 0.008 7000
Italy 0.007 0
Spain 0.004 9300
Australia 0.003 0
New Zealand 0.003 0
2.5 Electric Vehicle Incentives in New ZealandViable short-term measures for encouraging EV uptake
Short-term (2012-2015)
Mid-term (2015-2020)
Long-term (2020-)
Suasive/regulatory measures
Increase consumer awareness about importance of fuel economy
Tighten fuel economy standards on imported vehicles
2.6 Electric Vehicle Incentives in New ZealandViable medium-term measures for encouraging EV uptake
Short-term (2012-2015)
Mid-term (2015-2020)
Long-term (2020-)
Organisational measures
Installation of charging stations
Requirement for new homes and car parks to include provision for EVs
Renewable energy and smart grid developments
2.7 Electric Vehicle Incentives in New ZealandViable long-term measures for encouraging EV uptake
Short-term (2012-2015)
Mid-term (2015-2020)
Long-term (2020-)
Economic measures
Aim to increase fleet turnover rate and speed the transition to a greener transportation system
Scrappage schemes and decreased taxes/vehicle charges
Environment
3.1 Light Passenger Vehicle GHG EmissionsAmount of GHG emitted by average light passenger vehicles around the world
Portu
gal
Fran
ceIn
dia
Japa
nIta
ly
Denm
ark
Belgi
umSp
ain
Slov
akia
Pola
nd
Hunga
ry
Switz
erla
nd
Czech
Rep
ublic
Turk
ey
Icela
nd
Slov
enia
Irela
nd
Nethe
rland
s
Austri
a UK
Luxe
mbo
urg
Greec
e
Finla
ndChi
le
Germ
any
Swed
en
Sout
h Kor
ea
Canad
a
Esto
nia
Israe
l
Mexico
Russia
China
New Z
eala
nd
Austra
lia USA
0
50
100
150
200
250
Country
Avera
ge P
assen
ger
Veh
icle
Em
issio
ns
(gC
O2e/k
m)
Of CO2e gas emitted by an average passenger vehicle in New Zealand annually
2.4
tonnes
3.2 Average Grid GHG EmissionsAmount of GHG emitted per unit of residential electricity consumed
Icela
nd
Switz
erla
nd
Norway
Swed
en
Fran
ce
New Z
eala
nd
Austri
a
Canad
a
Belgi
um
Slov
akia
Finla
nd
Spai
n
Portu
gal
Luxe
mbo
urg
Denm
ark
Hunga
ry
Slov
enia
Italy
Nethe
rland
sChi
le
Russia
Japa
n
Germ
any
Mexico
Turk
ey UK
Irela
nd
Sout
h Kor
ea USA
Czech
Rep
ublic
Greec
e
Pola
nd
Israe
l
Austra
lia
China
Esto
niaIn
dia
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Country
Avera
ge G
rid
Em
issio
ns
(gC
O2e/k
Wh
)
Of CO2e gas emitted per kWh of electricity used by households in New Zealand
142
grams
Renewable energy powering the New Zealand grid in 2012
74%
3.3 Average Vehicle EmissionsGreenhouse gas emissions for electric and average fleet vehicles by country
Reduction in average vehicle emissions achievable by switching to EVs in NZ
85%
3.4 Vehicle Lifetime EmissionsCumulative GHG emissions for electric and petrol vehicles over their lifespan
Tonnes of CO2e produced manufacturing an EV
13.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Average EV
Average ICV
Year of Ownership
Cu
mu
lati
ve V
eh
icle
C
O2e E
mis
sio
ns
(kg
)
6.5 Tonnes of CO2e produced manufacturing an ICV
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
-2%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
EV Market Penetration (%)
Red
ucti
on
in
New
Zeala
nd
's T
ota
lC
O2 E
mis
sio
ns (
%)
3.5 Emission Reduction PotentialTotal greenhouse gas emission reduction based on EV market penetration
Conclusion
MarketNew Zealand’s fleet is old, inefficient and in need of change
EVs are currently too expensive, and the pay-back period too long despite lower operational costs
PolicyTax reductions and price subsidies are commonly used worldwide but are too expensive to justify in New Zealand
The short-term focus should be on improving fuel economy regulations, and educating consumers
EnvironmentEVs can achieve considerable GHG emission reductions in a green power system like New Zealand’sThe main focus worldwide should be increasing the use of renewable energy and preparing the grid so that when the time comes for EVs we are well-prepared
Questions?