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Electrical System Design for theProposed 1GW Beatrice Offshore
Wind Farm
Dr. Graham Ault
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Outline
• Background• Drivers• Electrical system conceptual designs• Design issues• Design approach• Conclusions
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Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm Background
• Demonstrator programme will install 2x 5MW RePower wind turbines
• Existing platforms to be used toconnect demonstrator wind turbinesand infrastructure can be used for fullscale 1GW wind farm
• Research programme includes:– Environmental– Wind turbines and structures– Operation and maintenance– Electrical
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Specific Drivers for Beatrice Wind Farm
• Existing offshore infrastructure• Desire to go deeper offshore• Philosophy of very large-scale
harnessing of energy (cf. oil &gas) and renewables
• UK renewables incentives• EU, DTI and Scottish Executive
support
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Beatrice 2 x 5MW Demonstrator Wind Farm
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Offshore Collector SystemConceptual Designs
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‘Radial’ clustered wind turbines connected tosingle hub
HUB
TO SHORE
• Simple control• Relatively inexpensive• Poorer reliability• Switchgear more straightforward
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‘Single sided ring’ clustered wind turbinesconnected to single hub
TO SHORE
HUB
• Ring operated in open configuration• More expense in cabling (run length plus loss of tapering)• Greater security
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‘Double sided ring’ clustered wind turbinesconnected to single hub
TO SHORE
HUB
• Ring operated in open configuration• More expense in cabling (possibility of partially rating cables)• Greater security• Upper limit on cable ratings a possible constraint
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‘Star’ clustered wind turbines connected tosingle hub
TO SHORE
HUB
• Reduced cables ratings (andexpense)
• Good security• Good voltage regulation• Switchgear arrangement more
complex and expensive
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‘Multiple hub’ arrangement with radialclustered wind turbines
TO SHORE
HUB
HUB
DIRECT TO SHORE?
• Lower losses through higher voltage collection• More expensive EHV cables?• Multiple hubs provides greater security but more cost
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‘Multiple hub ring’ arrangement with radialclustered wind turbines
TO SHORE
HUB
HUB
HUB
HUB
• Enhanced collectorsystem security
• Greater operationalflexibility
• More expense inmultiple hubs andhigher voltagecollection
• Tried and tested inonshore distributionand sub-transmission
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DC collector system arrangement with radialclustered wind turbines
TO SHORE
HUB
HUB
• Fits with future fully convertedturbine generators
• Less expense in HVDCtransmission to shore
• Costs within collector systemunclear?
• More costly DC switchgear
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Electrical Collector SystemDesign Issues
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Beatrice 1GW Wind Farm Design Issues
• Turbine generator technology: FSIG, DFIG, Fullyconverted
• Number of turbines per cluster and cluster formation• Electrical cabling: length, runs, capacity, voltage level• Hub design: number, plant required• Reactive compensation requirement• Operational Regime• Protection and control• Plant physical characteristics
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Beatrice 1GW Wind Farm Design Criteria
• Collector system security• Power flows, voltage regulation and losses• Fault currents• Stability• Power quality• Operational restrictions• Economics
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Optimal Network Planning: Demand
1. Area Demand Assessment
2. Substation Location & Rating
3. Cable Routing & Rating
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1. Area Resource Assessment
Optimal Network Planning: Generation
2. Substation Location & Rating
3. Cable Routing & Rating
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Optimal Collector System Planning
• Distribution networks main drivers are demandsecurity and adequacy
• Offshore collector system drivers are different:
• Economy
• Availability
• Resource assessment is very different from loaddemand
• Unit costs for substations and circuits are different
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Conclusions
• Downvind demonstrator programme and researchprogramme underway
• General electrical collector system conceptualdesigns identified
• Design optimisation for 1GW wind farm in formulation• Power system analysis programme now initiated• Initial results show serious challenges for 1GW
collector system