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Electrophoresis
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ElectrophoresisA process that is used to sort fragments of
DNA by placing the digested DNA in a special gel and adding electricity.
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PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction = Making copies of DNA molecule
Need 1. Primers – Small piece of DNA to start the reaction,
2. DNA Polymerase- Builds a new DNA molecule. Uses a bacteria called Thermus that lives in hot springs at 162 degrees F.
3. Nucleotides A, T, C, G
Thermocycler
Virtual Lab:
University of Utah
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Restriction Enzymes
Special protein molecules that are able to cut the DNA at very precise locations
These cut pieces of DNA can be used for:
Electrophoresis - A process for studying gene patterns or similarities
Recombination - Splicing a piece of DNA from one organism into another.
First the DNA is cut into pieces using
Restriction Enzyme Video
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Restriction Enzymes were discovered in bacteria in the 1960s. In bacteria they act as their immune system
destroying the viral DNA.
When a virus called a bacteriophage infects a bacteria the Restriction Enzyme cuts up the viral DNA so it can’t hurt
the cell.
The enzyme looks for a specific sequence of nucleotides to attach to and then cuts the DNA at that location. It will cut a piece of DNA as many times as that sequence appears
in the strand so many fragments are produced.
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Restriction Enzyme
DNA
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DNA is cut into pieces by special chemicals called Restriction Enzymes
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism = RFLP
Because the long DNA molecule will be cut a number of times at different locations the result is many different length pieces of DNA are produced these are RFLPs
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For the process of Electrophoresis the pieces are loaded into the gel
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The pieces of DNA move forming clumps of similar size pieces that look like dark bands
DNA has a negative polarity so is repelled by the negative electrode.
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Markers can be mixed with the DNA that show up under UV light to see how far the fragments have moved.
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This is a negative image so the bands appear white
Electrophoresis Video
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Recombinant DNA – Bacteria Making Insulin
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