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ELIPTIC Use Case EberswaldeExtension of trolleybus operation
Methodology and Results
Dr.-Ing. Thoralf Knote (Fraunhofer IVI)
Frank Wruck (Barnimer Busgesellschaft mbH)
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IntroductionEberswalde
Berlin
• Approx. 39.000 inhabitants
• County Seat
• 1 out of 3 German trolleybus towns
• Elongated urban structure
• Eliptic Use Case on hybrid trolleybus
operation
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IntroductionThe existing trolleybus network
BBG bus depot
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IntroductionThe diesel bus line 910
• Partly parallel to the trolleybus lines
• Length: approx. 14.7 km (depending on terminal stop in Finowfurt)
• Connects neighbouring Finowfurt with Eberswalde
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The Use CaseExtension of trolleybus operation
• By combining line 910 with the trolleybus catenary network
• Use of trolleybuses with energy storage instead of APU
• Minimum extension of the catenary network
(13.34 km)
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The vehiclesPre-configured Solaris trolleybuses
• 12 buses in operation
• One bus already equipped with a battery
• Retrofitting of additional buses – subject to feasibility study
• Recharging under catenary
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• Length / total weight: 18 m / max. 28 t
• Driven axle: 2nd, asynchronous motor
• Power (con. / max.): 250 / 300 kW
• Torque (con. / max.): 1734 / 2600 Nm
The vehiclesPre-configured Solaris trolleybuses
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• Battery: LiFePO4
• Energy content: 70.4 kWh (42.2 kWh usable)
• Weight: 1020 kg
• Power: 38 kW (charging) / 140 kW (discharging)
The vehiclesPre-configured Solaris trolleybuses
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• Braking energy storage: Super capacitors
• Energy content: 0.57 kWh
• Average power: 150 kW (discharging)
The vehiclesPre-configured Solaris trolleybuses
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• Vehicle simulation
• Based on measured speed-distance-patterns
• Using Fraunhofer IVIsion vehicle simulation model
Feasibility studyTechnical feasibility
Simulation
&
Optimisation
IVIdrive
Characteristic
maps
IVImap
Data
processing
Results
IVIplot
Vehicle &
Infrastructure
data
Measure-
ments
IVIsion
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Feasibility studyCore questions
• Is the battery big enough to cover the catenary free section to / from
Finowfurt?
• Is there enough time under the catenaries to recharge the battery?
(13.34 km)
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Feasibility studySecondary questions
• How long must the additional catenary be?
• Is a charging station at the terminal stop in Finowfurt necessary?
• Are additional trolleybuses necessary? Yes, pre-decided by BBG!
(13.34 km)
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Feasibility studyApproach
• Field measurements:
� speed-distance-patterns / speed-time-patterns
� passenger demand
• Configured vehicle model and catenary network using IVIsion
• Vehicle simulations using schedules provided by BBG
Time [s]
Velocity, Slope
Velocity
Slope
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Catenary4 Layouts
Layout Extension to the west Extension to the east
O1 Existing catenary Kleiner Stern -
O2 Extension west Großer Stern -
O3 Extension east #1 Großer Stern Tramper Chaussee
O4 Extension east #2 Großer Stern Bernauer Heerstrasse
• max. electric power taken from catenary at 600 V
� while driving: 400 A ; 240 kW (could be higher)
� during stops: 150 A; 90 kW
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Version Component Installed heating / AC
power
K 1 Heat pump Heating 2x 30 kW
AC 2x 24 kW
Electric heater Heating 38 kW
K 2 Diesel heater Heating 50 kW
24 V-AC unit AC 3 x 5 kW
Vehicle Parameters
HVAC
• Objective: Fully electric operation!
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• „worst case“ Scenarios (S1 and S3)
� safe operation in the winter time
� determination of the highest energy demand
Ambient Conditions Temperature Solar Irradiation
Scenario S1 -24°C to -17°C overcast
Scenario S2 15°C to 17°C overcast
Scenario S3 23°C to 36°C sunny
Ambient Conditions
3 Scenarios
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• Vehicles
� 3 schedules
� L910_11: starts 4:17 Uhr; 19.5 h; 350 km
� L910_12: starts 5:47 Uhr; 14 h; 260 km
� L910_53: starts 5:17 Uhr; 19.5 h; 350 km
• Number of passengers: 2 scenarios
� constant 25 / 75 passengers
� per passenger: 50 – 100 W heat emission
� heat losses influenced by the duration of opened doors
� journeys to and from bus depot without passengers
Boundary Conditions
Vehicles and passengers
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0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
V2 S3
V2 S2
V2 S1
V1 S3
V1 S2
V1 S1
Energiebedarf [kWh/km]
- 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0
V2 S3
V2 S2
V2 S1
V1 S3
V1 S2
V1 S1
Energy Consumption [kWh]
Energy Consumption
Traction
Auxiliaries
HVAC
Losses
electric heating
diesel heater
K1
S3
S1
S2
K2
S3
S1
S2
Specific energy consumption [kWh/km]
Results
Energy consumption
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Results
State of Charge
Specific energy consumption [kWh/km]
Sta
te o
fC
harg
e [-]
Time [s]
• Electric heating – mild wheather conditions (S2)
Finowfurt Südend Finowfurt
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Finowfurt Südend Finowfurt
Time [s]
Sta
te o
fC
harg
e [-]
Results
State of Charge
Specific energy consumption [kWh/km]
• Electric heating – cold wheather conditions (S1)
2.8 h!
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Conclusions
Answers to the questions
• Is the battery big enough to cover the catenary free section to / from
Finowfurt?
Yes!
• Is there enough time under the catenaries to recharge the battery?
No! Charging power (38 kW) too low!
• How long must the additional catenary be?
Longer than possible!
• Is a charging station at the terminal stop in Finowfurt necessary?
It would help, but very high investment cost.
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Conclusions
Solution
• Battery with higher charging power
• Elimination of the supercapacitor storage
• Use of the SC-converter to recharge the battery
• Battery charging power and usable energy content to be determined
in additional analysis.
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ELIPTIC Use Case EberswaldeExtension of trolleybus operation
Dr.-Ing. Thoralf Knote
Zeunerstr. 38, 01069 Dresden
Germany
www.ivi.fraunhofer.de
Frank Wruck
Poratzstraße 68, 16225 Eberswalde
Germany
www.bbg-eberswalde.de