Download - Endocrine System Bio Final
Treatments of Diabetes
Type I Diabetes• Description: Also known as juvenile-onset diabetes; occurs when pancreas is unable
to produce insulin due to early degeneration of beta cells in islets of Langerhans• Cause: Scientists believe that a genetic tendency and environmental factors (such as
viral infections) increase the risk• Early Symptoms: Increased thirst and dry mouth Weight Loss Fatigue• Many are not diagnosed for Type I diabetes until a diagnosis for diabetic ketoacidosis
(DKA) body burns fat and muscle for glucose, which produces ketones and fatty acids in the body
• Symptoms: Hot, dry skin Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting Fruity breath odor (due to the acetone) Rapid, deep breathing Restlessness and drowsiness
Type I and II Diabetes – Exams and Tests
• First tests done are blood glucose tests: - Fast blood sugar (FBS) - 2 hour post-prandial blood sugar - Random blood sugar• Hemoglobin A1c Test - monitors blood sugar levels after treatment has begun; it estimates
the average blood sugar levels over the previous 2-3 months• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Test – done every 1-2 years to check for thyroid
problems by testing the levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Type I Diabetes – Treatment Overview
• Lifelong treatment to control blood sugar within a target range• Insulin injections using insulin pens or an insulin pump (small computerized device with a thin
tube and needle that is inserted under the skin, usually the abdomen; can be programmed to deliver insulin in regular, small intervals, or carefully planned doses at specific times) is designed to mimic the pancreas
• Monitoring blood sugar levels using a blood sugar meter – a drop of blood is placed on a blood sugar test strip and is inserted into the meter for a reading
• Most importantly is maintaining a health diet (one that spreads out carbohydrates throughout the day) and regularly exercising and going to regular checkups
Also, blood sugar levels are easier to predict and control when mealtimes, amounts of food, and exercise are similar everyday
Type II Diabetes• Description: Also known as adult-onset diabetes (the most common
type of diabetes); when insulin is produced, but is either not enough for the body does not recognize the insulin and use it properly
• Cause: Higher risk when overweight, has family history of diabetes, has high cholesterol or high blood pressure
• Symptoms: Increased Thirst Fatigue Dry, itchy skin Blurred Sight Numbness in hands and feet May cause hardening of arteries, increasing chance of
heart attack and stroke
Type II Diabetes – Treatment Overview
• May also require insulin injections• Mainly controlled by diet and exercise and oral medications, which are taken by the
mouth in the form of tablets, always around mealtimes • There are several types of oral diabetes medications called oral hypoglycemics sulfonylureas – stimulates pancreas by releasing more of its stored insulin and increases
effectiveness of insulin in the body biguanides – improves insulin sensitivity and reduces liver production of glucose acarbose – prolongs absorption of carbohydrates after a meal; must be taken right after or
with a meal thiazolidinediones – also improves insulin sensitivity meglitinides – lowers after-meal glucose levels by stimulating pancreas to release more
insulin
Hormone Therapy• Used to treat various cancers; examples
include breast and prostate• Chemical castration• Drug hormone treatments
– Aromatase inhibitors-Tamoxifen: works by blocking the effect of
body's natural estrogen in the breast(s).
Growth Deficiencies
-GH can be produced from DNA recombinant technology whereas before it was extracted from the pituitary glands of humans.
-Common treatment to growth deficient children who are not yet finished developing.
-Also includes adult usage.-Benefits include increased body mass,
increased strength, progress in motor development, and reduction of body fat.
Growth Hormone- Alternate Uses
-GH has been given to burn victims.-Reverse aging effects possible.-Controversial use in athletics.
Risks to GH-Nausea, headache, fluid retention, joint
pains, carpal tunnel syndrome. May be linked to some cancers. May be linked to some cancers.
Intersex Conditions -Klinefelter's syndrome-Turner syndrome
Melanin-Melanin is a skin pigment It gives color hair, the iris of
the eye, and the skin -In the skin it helps to
protect DNA in skin cells from dangerous UV radiation that is found in the suns light
-Melanoma
-Melanogensis is the process where more melanin is produced in response to DNA damages that are caused by radiation from the sun.
-Negative feedback-Ozone: molecule in the atmosphere which helps to protect
the surface of the Earth by preventing UV radiation from reaching the surface and hurting organisms
Electrocontrol Systems
Electrochemical Control Systems (Organisms) vs. Emission Control Systems (Technology)
• To maintain equilibrium between internal and external environment of the organism Homeostasis
• Endocrine and Nervous System
• Sensory receptors and neurons supply the CNS with info (through signals) about external environment and quality of internal environment
• Inter-neurons relay signal to the brain, where signal is processed brain sends signal to motor neurons which stimulate effectors
• Need to control car emissions resulted in the computerization of vehicles• Called Feedback Fuel Control systems• Oxygen sensor installed in exhaust system measures fuel content of the exhaust
stream• Oxygen sensor would then send signal to microprocessor analyzes the reading
and stimulates fuel/air mixture device to create proper fuel/air ratio
ReferencesBlood Glucose - [Medical Test]. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2009, from http://www.healthlinkbc.ca/kbase/topic/medtest/hw8252/descrip.htm
Hormone Therapy (HT). (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.cwhn.ca/resources/faq/ht.html
Hormone therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_therapy
Melanin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin
Ozone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone
Skin cancer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cancer
Type 1 Diabetes-Treatment Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved May 13, 2009, from http://diabetes.webmd.com/tc/type-1-diabetes-treatment-overview
Type 2 Diabetes - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis - Weight Management - Body & Health. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2009, from http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/channel_condition_info_details.asp?channel_id=1055&relation_id=17519&disease_id=214&page_no=2
Type 2 Diabetes - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis - Weight Management - Body & Health. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2009, from http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/channel_condition_info_details.asp?disease_id=214&channel_id=1055&relation_id=17519
Type 2 Diabetes. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2009, from http://www.healthlinkbc.ca/kbase/topic/special/hw135189/sec9.htm
What is Melanin?. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-melanin.htm