endocrine system bio final

14
Treatments of Diabetes

Upload: guest50fa48

Post on 22-Nov-2014

775 views

Category:

Health & Medicine


6 download

DESCRIPTION

 

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Endocrine System Bio Final

Treatments of Diabetes

Page 2: Endocrine System Bio Final

Type I Diabetes• Description: Also known as juvenile-onset diabetes; occurs when pancreas is unable

to produce insulin due to early degeneration of beta cells in islets of Langerhans• Cause: Scientists believe that a genetic tendency and environmental factors (such as

viral infections) increase the risk• Early Symptoms: Increased thirst and dry mouth Weight Loss Fatigue• Many are not diagnosed for Type I diabetes until a diagnosis for diabetic ketoacidosis

(DKA) body burns fat and muscle for glucose, which produces ketones and fatty acids in the body

• Symptoms: Hot, dry skin Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting Fruity breath odor (due to the acetone) Rapid, deep breathing Restlessness and drowsiness

Page 3: Endocrine System Bio Final

Type I and II Diabetes – Exams and Tests

• First tests done are blood glucose tests: - Fast blood sugar (FBS) - 2 hour post-prandial blood sugar - Random blood sugar• Hemoglobin A1c Test - monitors blood sugar levels after treatment has begun; it estimates

the average blood sugar levels over the previous 2-3 months• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Test – done every 1-2 years to check for thyroid

problems by testing the levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Page 4: Endocrine System Bio Final

Type I Diabetes – Treatment Overview

• Lifelong treatment to control blood sugar within a target range• Insulin injections using insulin pens or an insulin pump (small computerized device with a thin

tube and needle that is inserted under the skin, usually the abdomen; can be programmed to deliver insulin in regular, small intervals, or carefully planned doses at specific times) is designed to mimic the pancreas

• Monitoring blood sugar levels using a blood sugar meter – a drop of blood is placed on a blood sugar test strip and is inserted into the meter for a reading

• Most importantly is maintaining a health diet (one that spreads out carbohydrates throughout the day) and regularly exercising and going to regular checkups

Also, blood sugar levels are easier to predict and control when mealtimes, amounts of food, and exercise are similar everyday

Page 5: Endocrine System Bio Final

Type II Diabetes• Description: Also known as adult-onset diabetes (the most common

type of diabetes); when insulin is produced, but is either not enough for the body does not recognize the insulin and use it properly

• Cause: Higher risk when overweight, has family history of diabetes, has high cholesterol or high blood pressure

• Symptoms: Increased Thirst Fatigue Dry, itchy skin Blurred Sight Numbness in hands and feet May cause hardening of arteries, increasing chance of

heart attack and stroke

Page 6: Endocrine System Bio Final

Type II Diabetes – Treatment Overview

• May also require insulin injections• Mainly controlled by diet and exercise and oral medications, which are taken by the

mouth in the form of tablets, always around mealtimes • There are several types of oral diabetes medications called oral hypoglycemics sulfonylureas – stimulates pancreas by releasing more of its stored insulin and increases

effectiveness of insulin in the body biguanides – improves insulin sensitivity and reduces liver production of glucose acarbose – prolongs absorption of carbohydrates after a meal; must be taken right after or

with a meal thiazolidinediones – also improves insulin sensitivity meglitinides – lowers after-meal glucose levels by stimulating pancreas to release more

insulin

Page 7: Endocrine System Bio Final

Hormone Therapy• Used to treat various cancers; examples

include breast and prostate• Chemical castration• Drug hormone treatments

– Aromatase inhibitors-Tamoxifen: works by blocking the effect of

body's natural estrogen in the breast(s).

Page 8: Endocrine System Bio Final

Growth Deficiencies

-GH can be produced from DNA recombinant technology whereas before it was extracted from the pituitary glands of humans.

-Common treatment to growth deficient children who are not yet finished developing.

-Also includes adult usage.-Benefits include increased body mass,

increased strength, progress in motor development, and reduction of body fat.

Page 9: Endocrine System Bio Final

Growth Hormone- Alternate Uses

-GH has been given to burn victims.-Reverse aging effects possible.-Controversial use in athletics.

Page 10: Endocrine System Bio Final

Risks to GH-Nausea, headache, fluid retention, joint

pains, carpal tunnel syndrome. May be linked to some cancers. May be linked to some cancers.

Intersex Conditions -Klinefelter's syndrome-Turner syndrome

Page 11: Endocrine System Bio Final

Melanin-Melanin is a skin pigment It gives color hair, the iris of

the eye, and the skin -In the skin it helps to

protect DNA in skin cells from dangerous UV radiation that is found in the suns light

-Melanoma

Page 12: Endocrine System Bio Final

-Melanogensis is the process where more melanin is produced in response to DNA damages that are caused by radiation from the sun.

-Negative feedback-Ozone: molecule in the atmosphere which helps to protect

the surface of the Earth by preventing UV radiation from reaching the surface and hurting organisms

Page 13: Endocrine System Bio Final

Electrocontrol Systems

Electrochemical Control Systems (Organisms) vs. Emission Control Systems (Technology)

• To maintain equilibrium between internal and external environment of the organism Homeostasis

• Endocrine and Nervous System

• Sensory receptors and neurons supply the CNS with info (through signals) about external environment and quality of internal environment

• Inter-neurons relay signal to the brain, where signal is processed brain sends signal to motor neurons which stimulate effectors

• Need to control car emissions resulted in the computerization of vehicles• Called Feedback Fuel Control systems• Oxygen sensor installed in exhaust system measures fuel content of the exhaust

stream• Oxygen sensor would then send signal to microprocessor analyzes the reading

and stimulates fuel/air mixture device to create proper fuel/air ratio

Page 14: Endocrine System Bio Final

ReferencesBlood Glucose - [Medical Test]. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2009, from http://www.healthlinkbc.ca/kbase/topic/medtest/hw8252/descrip.htm

Hormone Therapy (HT). (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.cwhn.ca/resources/faq/ht.html

Hormone therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_therapy

Melanin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin

Ozone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone

Skin cancer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cancer

Type 1 Diabetes-Treatment Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved May 13, 2009, from http://diabetes.webmd.com/tc/type-1-diabetes-treatment-overview

Type 2 Diabetes - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis - Weight Management - Body & Health. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2009, from http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/channel_condition_info_details.asp?channel_id=1055&relation_id=17519&disease_id=214&page_no=2

Type 2 Diabetes - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis - Weight Management - Body & Health. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2009, from http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/channel_condition_info_details.asp?disease_id=214&channel_id=1055&relation_id=17519

Type 2 Diabetes. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2009, from http://www.healthlinkbc.ca/kbase/topic/special/hw135189/sec9.htm

What is Melanin?. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2009, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-melanin.htm