the endocrine system final
TRANSCRIPT
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
•REPRODUCTION•METABOLISM •OSMOREGULATION•EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
•GROWTH•METAMORPHOSIS•DIGESTION
It is made up of endocrine glands that secretes hormones and coordinate slower but longer-acting responses to stimuli
Hormone is a chemical signal that is secreted into the blood and communicates regulatory messages within the body
Target cells are equipped to respond to these hormones
HYPOTHALAMUS & PITUITARY GLAND
Pituitary gland is located at the base of the human brain.
PITUITARY GLAND
Anterior lobe
This regulates the other endocrine glands
Hormones secreted:Somatotropin
Prolactinthyroid – stimulating hormoneadrenocorticotropic hormonefollicle – stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone and; melanocyte – stimulating hormone
Posterior lobe
This regulates water conservation, milk letdown, and uterine contraction in women
Hormones secreted:
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
Pituitary Gland (Anterior)
FISHES AMPHIBIA REPTILIA AVES MAMMALIA
TSH Present Present Present Present Present
LH Present Present
FSH Present
ACTH Present Present
GH Present Present Present Present Present
PROLACTIN Absent Absent Absent Present Present
MSH Present Present*(color change)
Present*(color change)
Present Present
Pituitary Gland (Posterior)
FISHES AMPHIBIA REPTILIA AVES MAMMALIA
ADH Absent Present Present Present Present
OXYSTOCIN Absent Present
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – controls water balance in the body and blood pressure.
Oxytocin – a peptide hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.
THE PINEAL GLAND
The Pineal gland is located at the midbrain of the vertebrates
The Pineal gland secretes Melatonin
Fishes Amphibia & Reptilia Aves & Mammalia
Function Act as Third eye
Controls color change Allows to respond to changes in Photoperiod
THE THYROID GLAND
It produces, stores, and releases two separate thyroid hormones that regulate metabolic rate, metamorphosis, growth, and reproduction (Kardong, 2012).
2 types of thyroid hormones:
Thyroxine (T3)
Triiodothyronine (T4)
THE THYROID GLAND
Fishes Reptilia Amphibia Aves Mammalia
MetabolismUnresponsive
Elevate oxygen consumption and heat production by tissues
Growth & Development
Growth depends on Thyroid hormones
Their thyroid hormones arrest
growth of the larvae and promote
metamorphosis
Normal growth depends on normal levels of thyroid
hormones
Molting Thyroxine promotes sloughing or shedding of the skin
Reproduction Correlates with gonad maturation and oogenesis or
spermatogenesis
Arrest physiological
processes that promote
reproduction
Correlates with gonad maturation and oogenesis
or spermatogenesis
ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY & PARATHYROID GLAND
ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY secretes calcitonin
(thyrocalcitonin), which lowers blood levels of calcium.
Calcitonin causes calcium to be extracted from the blood and used to build new bone matrix, causing blood levels of calcium to fall
PARATHYROID GLAND secretes parathyroid
hormone ( parathormone), which elevates levels of blood calcium
raises blood levels of calcium by promoting kidney retention of calcium, encouraging its absorption across the walls of the digestive tract, and affecting bone deposition
PARATHYROID GLAND
Fishes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Location Absent Either on the thyroid or dispersedalong the major veins in the neck
Mouse, Cat & Human – embedded in the Thyroid gland
Goat & Rabbit – embedded near the thyroid gland
ADRENAL GLAND•One of the most important functions of the adrenalgland is coordinating the whole organism’s response to stress
THE ADRENAL GLANDS
Chromaffin Tissue releases adrenalin
(epinephrine) and norepinephrine in times of stress
Corticosteroids produces the
corticosteroid hormone produces aldosterone -
acts in the kidney to promote the uptake of sodium & other salts from the urine
In Fishes:
The Chromaffin cells may vary in location. These are found with the sympathetic ganglia in clumps between the anterior kidney and spine or in the interrenal tissue.
In Reptiles:
The adrenocortical tissue receives its own arterial and venous blood supply, and does not rely on the kidney and renal portal system for distribution of its secretory products
In Amphibians and Birds:
Adrenocortical and Chromaffin tissues mingle or reside adjacent to each other and form strands or rows of adrenal tissue, now lying on or near the kidneys
In Mammals:
Adrenocortical and Chromaffin tissues form a cortex and a medulla respectively to create the composite adrenal gland or suprarenal
THE PANCREAS
•a composite gland consisting of exocrine which consists of Acini that secrete digestive enzymes into ducts and endocrine portions known as the Islets of Langerhans consists of masses of endocrine cells embedded within the exocrine pancreas
THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
secretes insulin and glucagon
Insulin removes glucose from the blood.
Glucagon returns glucose to the blood. Alpha cells produces glucagon Beta cells insulin
GONADS
In males, gonads is known as testes which secretes androgens and testerone.
In females, gonads is known as ovaries which secrets estrogen and progesterone
CLASS MAMMALIA
TESTES
It stimulates bones and musles growth and development of the secondary sexual characters like beard and mustaches
CLASS AVES
TESTES
It controls the secondary sexual characters like bright plumage colour, comb and spurs.
VERTEBRATES:
UNIQUE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
CLASS PISCES:
UROPHYSIS
A neurosecretory neurohemal organ which is associated with the spinal cord at the base of the tail
CLASS AMPHIBIA
In larval stage, the thyroid hormone secretion and glucocorticoid secretion are ultimately stimulated by a single hypothalamic releasing hormone – corticotropin-releasing hormone that stimulates ACTH.
CLASS MAMMALIA
THYMUS GLAND
It lies in upper part of chest, behind breast-bone and consists of 2 lobes that join in front of trachea. It secretes thymosine that stimulates develoment and differentiation of T cells which defends the body against viruses.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Aballe, Karen Marie
Sebastian, Marie Elaine