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Estimating the Benefit of Drought Tolerant Transgenic Crops for Ghana
Ashwin Mysore
Gerald J. Friedman Fellow in Nutrition and
Citizenship
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Transgenic crops, agricultural development & developing countries
Relevance and potential of transgenic crops in developing countries…
The debate continues…ISAAA, 2007.
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"Will it take a miracle to solve the worlds hunger problems?"
Campbell, 1998; FAO, 2007; Sprague, undated; South Dakota Dept of Agriculture, undated.
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“ Golden Rice can reduce Vitamin A Deficiency burden in India by 8-59 %”
Golden Rice Humanitarian Board; UN, 1998; Stein, Sachdev and Qaim, 2008.
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How Much Hope and How Much Hype?Estimating the Benefit of Drought Tolerant Transgenic Crops for Ghana
FAO, 2001; www.luventicus.org
Ashwin Mysore & Kathleen Merrigan, AFE Program, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy
Under Review, World Development
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Drought tolerant transgenic crops in pipeline- Corn, Soy, Cotton, Canola, Tomato
Corn: 2010-2015
MX variety : 10 % higher yield under drought conditionsMY variety : 40 % higher yield
Tomato: Advanced stage of development
TX variety : 20 % higher yield TY variety : 38% higher yield
Africa News Network; AVRDC, 2006; Various media reports and project documents of Monsanto, Evogene
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Why Ghana?
High food insecurity among food crop growing farmers
Low access to irrigation•Total cultivated area (2002-05) : 5.2 mha•Total irrigation potential :1.9 mha•Irrigated area (2000) : 0.31mha
Drought episodes, erratic rainfall compounded by declining soil fertility
Corn and tomato are important crops
Aggrey Fynn et al., 2006; FAOSTAT; FAO, 2005a,b; Horna et al., 2006; IWMI.
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Estimating potential benefits
•Average yield and producer prices (1991-2005)
•Reduction in yield and gross returns due to varying intensity of drought
•Gains in yield due to technology adoption
•Technology Fee
Study variables:
All calculations for Ghana and the US
Outcome indicator of interest: gross returns ($ / ha) with technology adoption
Sprague, undated; USDA, undated.
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Low Medium Severe
Ghana 15 34 50
USA 10 35 50
Based on existing trends – cost difference between traits & countries
Campos et al., 2004; Farm Service Agency, 2007; FAO, 2005a; Heisey and Edmeades, 1998; IITA, undated; USDA Risk Management Agency, 2007.
Technology fees
US: $127/ha; Ghana: $ 71/ha.
Yield loss (%) due to drought incidence
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Returns ($) per $ investment on technology
Technology adoption
Drought intensity
Normal agricultural season
Low drought incidence
Medium drought incidence
Severe drought incidence
Adoption of MX Corn
Ghana - 0.6 -0.66 - 0.74 - 0.8
US - 0.4 -0.46 - 0.61 - 0.7
Adoption of MY Corn
Ghana 0.59 0.35 0.05 - 0.21
US 1.38 1.1 0.55 0.19
Adoption of TX Tomato
Ghana 7.1 5.87 4.33 3.04
US 14.0 12.52 8.76 6.51
Adoption of TY Tomato
Ghana 14.36 12.05 9.13 6.68
US 27.54 24.69 17.5 13.27
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Sensitivity analysis for maize by considering 3 levels of technology fees
Contribution of drought tolerant corn towards household food security
T1: $53.3; T2: $71.0; T3: $88.8
Household (4 members) cost of meeting minimum food and nutrition requirements- $305.2
% household food and nutrition requirements met by adopting MY variety Various levels of
Technology Fee($ /ha) Drought intensity
Normal agricultural season
Low drought incidence
Medium drought incidence
Severe drought incidence
T1 (53.3) 23.4 16.7 8.3 1.2
T2 (71.0) 16.4 9.7 1.3 -
T3 (88.8) 9.4 2.7 - -
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Study implications
Potential for water conservation and management in tomato production
First generation corn varieties unlikely to benefit farmers
Gains to US farmers greatest
Technology fee – key issue which will determine technology adoption and benefits