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EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
CHAPTER 14
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Question #1
What is the title of Section 1?
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Question #2
What does a Knight receive in exchange for his service as a soldier?
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Question #3
What is another name for the Middle Ages?
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Question #4
Under Feudalism, who owned all the land?
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Question #5
What is a manor?
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Knights In Shiny Armor
A person who would receive honor and land in return for his service as a soldier to his lord. “Be Loyal, be brave, be true”
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The Feudal & Manor System
The Middle Ages- time period between ancient and modern times, AKA the medieval time period
Middle ages began with the collapse of the Roman empire
By 500 AD Western Rome had fallen and reading and writing were in great danger of disappearing.
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Charlemagne
Gaul was controlled by the Franks (can anyone tell me why this area is now called France?)
The Franks then expanded throughout Western Europe and dominated the territory, uniting it for the first time since the Roman empire
All of this was ruled by Charlemange
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How Charlemagne United Europe Established schools Promoted Christianity Issued money (to boost economy) Brought Europe to a period of prosperity
not enjoyed since the Romans Upon his death the empire was divided
amongst his 3 sons who fought each other for control
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The Manor System
Manor System- system of economic and political life at the local level
Manor – Consisted of a large estate, typically a farm house, with fields, pastures, and typically a village
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Lord of the Manor
Lord of the Manor- was typically a vassal of the king or higher lord
The manor was part of his fief (large area of land ruled over by a lord)
Manors must be self sufficient Lord would collect taxes, and was the
judge, jury, and executioner
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Role of Noblewomen
Learned from other noblewomen how to run the house
Women ran the household, preformed medical tasks, supervised servants and when the man was out the women were the LORDS
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Peasants and Serfs
A majority of people were farmers and laborers
Mostly poor Did almost all of the manor work Only given a small strip to farm for
themselves
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Tied to the Manor
Serfs were tied to the manor, almost like slaves
Couldn’t leave or marry or reproduce without the lords permission
Hardworking serfs could save money and buy freedom
A serf who could escape the manor and live in the city for 1 year and 1 day was also considered free
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Hard Life
Lived in 1 room shacks Slept on cloth sacks stuffed with straw Rarely got to eat meat Usually ate bread, cabbage, and turnips
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Section 2: The Church and the Rise of Cities
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The Church in the Middle Ages Western Europe became predominantly
Roman Catholic Why was it so powerful?...
Religious and economic power Political power
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Religious and Economic Power The church promised a reward for leading a
good life, even though life was tough, if you were good you would be rewarded in Heaven
The church threatened “Hell” for eternity for those who did not listen
The church owned a lot of land which gave it major economic power. It took fiefs as payment for religious works
The church was the biggest land owner during that period
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Political Power and the Church Church made laws and had courts to
uphold them Used excommunication as its threat Excommunication- being expelled from
participation in church life (social life gone)
The church was the main advisor for kings and lords, and preached against war.
Wars declined in the 1100’s and become increasingly uncommon
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Church Organization
Highly organized Each village had a priest Priests controlled by an archbishop Archbishops were controlled by the Pope The papacy (church govt.) based out of
Rome Had power in every kingdom, fief, and
village
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Church in Everyday Life
The church was involved in every major life event, marriage, birth, death, serious illness
They were there to offer a blessing Clergy also helped people follow the
rules and listened to confessions and forgave sins
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Monasteries and Convents
Some religious men and religious women decided to dedicate their lives to God.
Men lived in monasteries Women lived in convents This is called the monastic life. Looked after the sick Farmed and found better ways to grow
crops and raise livestock
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Scholasticism
Some Christians taught that people should use reason to discover truth
Some Christians taught that you must accept Christians ideas on faith alone
Christians created Scholasticism to resolve the issue
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Trade Revives and Towns Grow As Europe stabilized, trade items were
brought in by the crusaders (silk road trade items)
The economy began to grow As trade began to grow, the small
markets in towns began to grow, as the markets grew, so did the towns
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Life in Towns and Cities
The rise of the middle class- towns were not self-sufficient, they had to trade and buy and sell to survive. This created a new class of workers, merchants, and craftsmen.
Guilds- includes all people who practiced a specific craft
Guilds set prices on their products that all followed
Apprentice- unpaid worker who was learning a craft
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Overcrowding and Disease
The populations grew so fast that sanitation could not be kept up with
Lack of sanitation meant disease spread quickly
Fleas living on rats spread the disease One such disease was the plague or
black death Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population
between 1347-1351
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Medieval Culture
Despite the hardships of life, Medieval culture was not all harsh
Lots of traveling scholars Great art Great architecture Chivalry- code of honorable conduct
followed by all the knights Troubadours- travelling poets and
musicians
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The Crusades
The fight to regain the holy land Holy Land- region where Jesus grew up
and taught of God Modern day Judea, a part of Jerusalem on
the bank of the Mediterranean sea
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Causes of the Crusades
Crusades- Church led military expeditions to recapture the Holy Land
Crusaders comes from “CRUX” a word meaning cross
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Pilgrims to the Holy Land
Since about 200 Europeans have traveled to Jerusalem
Jerusalem- a city in the holy land regarded as sacred by Christians, Jews, and Muslims
Pilgrims- people who journey to a sacred place
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War with the Muslim Turks
The Muslims cut off travel routes to the Holy Land
The Muslims were attacking the Byzantine Empire which was a Christian Empire
Pope Urban II wanted war for a couple reasons Open the Holy Land to all Christians Wanted the Holy Land under Christian
control Thought Crusades would bring Europe
together and make them stop fighting each other
Wanted personal fame
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A Series of Crusades
The First Crusade- Christian knights took Jerusalem in 1099 and divided it into 4 Christian states. The Muslims attacked them repeatedly
Later Crusades- Muslim leader Saladin gained control of Jerusalem and refused to give it up
He did allow Christian pilgrims
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The Result of the Crusades
Increased Trade- The crusader ships dropped troops off and returned with jewels, rugs, spices, and many other luxury items that became in high demand in Europe.
New Ideas- Crusaders learned how to make better ships, maps, new mathematic skills, medicine got better.
This turned Europe into worldwide explorers
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Section 4: The Power of Kings King Henry IV of Germany was picking
his own bishops. Pope Gregory excommunicated him for 3
days King Henry was let back into the church,
he then took over Italy and kicked Gregory out of the papacy
Henry became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Henry picked his own pope
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Nation Building
Henry’s success showed other kings it was ok to go against the church
Nobles became so wealthy they started to think themselves equal to kings
As long as the feudal system stayed strong so did the nobles
The feudal system starts to decline due to the rise of the middle class and trade in cities
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Birth of Nations
As the feudal system fell, the manor system fell.
Wealthy kings began to control larger area alone with their army
These kingdoms became nations Nation-community of people who share a
territory and a govt, common language, and culture
Some more famous nations that sprang up were France, Russia, and Spain
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Changes in England
In the 1200’s the kings began dominating nobles and all other villagers
Angered the noblesKing John raised taxes and illegally jailed is
enemiesSeized church property and picked his own
clergymenThe pope put a bishop in place who
supported the nobles and opposed the kings actions
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Magna Carta
Magna Carta- A charter that limited the kings power
Model Parliament- included common people as well as lords and clergymen
Parliament turns into the law making body of England
This gave people input which made them happy but the king also still had power
This helped unite England
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The Hundred Years War
Hundred Years War- A long series of clashes between Europe and France
Causes of the war King Edward of England invaded France
after the death of their king because his mother was a French Princess and he felt entitled
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Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc
The war drug on king after king and year after year
The English were usually winning A French peasant girl named Joan of Arc to
over the French army at Orleans She led the French to many victories until
she was captured by the English and burned at the stake for witchcraft
She was seen as a Martyr and inspired the French to many victories
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The Growing Power of Kings
Knights became useless Foot soldiers necessary Small feudal castles could not withstand new
military technology 100 years war led to a growth in nationalism The English King sought parliaments approval
during the war, this strengthened their govt. to make it what it is today
100 years war gave England and France boundaries, both began to look elsewhere in the world for new land instead of taking land in Europe