EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES

CHAPTER 14

Question #1

What is the title of Section 1?

Question #2

What does a Knight receive in exchange for his service as a soldier?

Question #3

What is another name for the Middle Ages?

Question #4

Under Feudalism, who owned all the land?

Question #5

What is a manor?

Knights In Shiny Armor

A person who would receive honor and land in return for his service as a soldier to his lord. “Be Loyal, be brave, be true”

The Feudal & Manor System

The Middle Ages- time period between ancient and modern times, AKA the medieval time period

Middle ages began with the collapse of the Roman empire

By 500 AD Western Rome had fallen and reading and writing were in great danger of disappearing.

Charlemagne

Gaul was controlled by the Franks (can anyone tell me why this area is now called France?)

The Franks then expanded throughout Western Europe and dominated the territory, uniting it for the first time since the Roman empire

All of this was ruled by Charlemange

How Charlemagne United Europe Established schools Promoted Christianity Issued money (to boost economy) Brought Europe to a period of prosperity

not enjoyed since the Romans Upon his death the empire was divided

amongst his 3 sons who fought each other for control

The Manor System

Manor System- system of economic and political life at the local level

Manor – Consisted of a large estate, typically a farm house, with fields, pastures, and typically a village

Lord of the Manor

Lord of the Manor- was typically a vassal of the king or higher lord

The manor was part of his fief (large area of land ruled over by a lord)

Manors must be self sufficient Lord would collect taxes, and was the

judge, jury, and executioner

Role of Noblewomen

Learned from other noblewomen how to run the house

Women ran the household, preformed medical tasks, supervised servants and when the man was out the women were the LORDS

Peasants and Serfs

A majority of people were farmers and laborers

Mostly poor Did almost all of the manor work Only given a small strip to farm for

themselves

Tied to the Manor

Serfs were tied to the manor, almost like slaves

Couldn’t leave or marry or reproduce without the lords permission

Hardworking serfs could save money and buy freedom

A serf who could escape the manor and live in the city for 1 year and 1 day was also considered free

Hard Life

Lived in 1 room shacks Slept on cloth sacks stuffed with straw Rarely got to eat meat Usually ate bread, cabbage, and turnips

Section 2: The Church and the Rise of Cities

The Church in the Middle Ages Western Europe became predominantly

Roman Catholic Why was it so powerful?...

Religious and economic power Political power

Religious and Economic Power The church promised a reward for leading a

good life, even though life was tough, if you were good you would be rewarded in Heaven

The church threatened “Hell” for eternity for those who did not listen

The church owned a lot of land which gave it major economic power. It took fiefs as payment for religious works

The church was the biggest land owner during that period

Political Power and the Church Church made laws and had courts to

uphold them Used excommunication as its threat Excommunication- being expelled from

participation in church life (social life gone)

The church was the main advisor for kings and lords, and preached against war.

Wars declined in the 1100’s and become increasingly uncommon

Church Organization

Highly organized Each village had a priest Priests controlled by an archbishop Archbishops were controlled by the Pope The papacy (church govt.) based out of

Rome Had power in every kingdom, fief, and

village

Church in Everyday Life

The church was involved in every major life event, marriage, birth, death, serious illness

They were there to offer a blessing Clergy also helped people follow the

rules and listened to confessions and forgave sins

Monasteries and Convents

Some religious men and religious women decided to dedicate their lives to God.

Men lived in monasteries Women lived in convents This is called the monastic life. Looked after the sick Farmed and found better ways to grow

crops and raise livestock

Scholasticism

Some Christians taught that people should use reason to discover truth

Some Christians taught that you must accept Christians ideas on faith alone

Christians created Scholasticism to resolve the issue

Trade Revives and Towns Grow As Europe stabilized, trade items were

brought in by the crusaders (silk road trade items)

The economy began to grow As trade began to grow, the small

markets in towns began to grow, as the markets grew, so did the towns

Life in Towns and Cities

The rise of the middle class- towns were not self-sufficient, they had to trade and buy and sell to survive. This created a new class of workers, merchants, and craftsmen.

Guilds- includes all people who practiced a specific craft

Guilds set prices on their products that all followed

Apprentice- unpaid worker who was learning a craft

Overcrowding and Disease

The populations grew so fast that sanitation could not be kept up with

Lack of sanitation meant disease spread quickly

Fleas living on rats spread the disease One such disease was the plague or

black death Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population

between 1347-1351

Medieval Culture

Despite the hardships of life, Medieval culture was not all harsh

Lots of traveling scholars Great art Great architecture Chivalry- code of honorable conduct

followed by all the knights Troubadours- travelling poets and

musicians

The Crusades

The fight to regain the holy land Holy Land- region where Jesus grew up

and taught of God Modern day Judea, a part of Jerusalem on

the bank of the Mediterranean sea

Causes of the Crusades

Crusades- Church led military expeditions to recapture the Holy Land

Crusaders comes from “CRUX” a word meaning cross

Pilgrims to the Holy Land

Since about 200 Europeans have traveled to Jerusalem

Jerusalem- a city in the holy land regarded as sacred by Christians, Jews, and Muslims

Pilgrims- people who journey to a sacred place

War with the Muslim Turks

The Muslims cut off travel routes to the Holy Land

The Muslims were attacking the Byzantine Empire which was a Christian Empire

Pope Urban II wanted war for a couple reasons Open the Holy Land to all Christians Wanted the Holy Land under Christian

control Thought Crusades would bring Europe

together and make them stop fighting each other

Wanted personal fame

A Series of Crusades

The First Crusade- Christian knights took Jerusalem in 1099 and divided it into 4 Christian states. The Muslims attacked them repeatedly

Later Crusades- Muslim leader Saladin gained control of Jerusalem and refused to give it up

He did allow Christian pilgrims

The Result of the Crusades

Increased Trade- The crusader ships dropped troops off and returned with jewels, rugs, spices, and many other luxury items that became in high demand in Europe.

New Ideas- Crusaders learned how to make better ships, maps, new mathematic skills, medicine got better.

This turned Europe into worldwide explorers

Section 4: The Power of Kings King Henry IV of Germany was picking

his own bishops. Pope Gregory excommunicated him for 3

days King Henry was let back into the church,

he then took over Italy and kicked Gregory out of the papacy

Henry became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Henry picked his own pope

Nation Building

Henry’s success showed other kings it was ok to go against the church

Nobles became so wealthy they started to think themselves equal to kings

As long as the feudal system stayed strong so did the nobles

The feudal system starts to decline due to the rise of the middle class and trade in cities

Birth of Nations

As the feudal system fell, the manor system fell.

Wealthy kings began to control larger area alone with their army

These kingdoms became nations Nation-community of people who share a

territory and a govt, common language, and culture

Some more famous nations that sprang up were France, Russia, and Spain

Changes in England

In the 1200’s the kings began dominating nobles and all other villagers

Angered the noblesKing John raised taxes and illegally jailed is

enemiesSeized church property and picked his own

clergymenThe pope put a bishop in place who

supported the nobles and opposed the kings actions

Magna Carta

Magna Carta- A charter that limited the kings power

Model Parliament- included common people as well as lords and clergymen

Parliament turns into the law making body of England

This gave people input which made them happy but the king also still had power

This helped unite England

The Hundred Years War

Hundred Years War- A long series of clashes between Europe and France

Causes of the war King Edward of England invaded France

after the death of their king because his mother was a French Princess and he felt entitled

Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc

The war drug on king after king and year after year

The English were usually winning A French peasant girl named Joan of Arc to

over the French army at Orleans She led the French to many victories until

she was captured by the English and burned at the stake for witchcraft

She was seen as a Martyr and inspired the French to many victories

The Growing Power of Kings

Knights became useless Foot soldiers necessary Small feudal castles could not withstand new

military technology 100 years war led to a growth in nationalism The English King sought parliaments approval

during the war, this strengthened their govt. to make it what it is today

100 years war gave England and France boundaries, both began to look elsewhere in the world for new land instead of taking land in Europe