Ex 29
BloodBlood
connective tissue which consists of:
plasmacells
centrifuge 55% plasma55% plasma
45% RBC’s & WBC’s45% RBC’s & WBC’s
Hematocrit = % RBC’s in whole blood
HematocritHematocrit = % of blood occupied by cells
female normal range
37 - 48% (average of 42%)
male normal range
42 - 52% (average of 46%)
testosterone
Hemoglobin
protein in RBC that carries oxygen (and more)
Male 13-18g/dL, Female 12-16g/dL
Hct usually = 3x Hg
Anemia
not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin
Red Blood Cell
Cellnuclear
appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3
red blood cell
anucleate red with pale center due to biconcave shape
carries O2
and CO2
4-6 million
Hct= 42% women and 47% men (+/— 5%)
Red Blood Cell Variations
Cell nuclear appearance cytoplasm function count/mm3
reticulocyte
none-fragments of nucleus visible
bluish-red RBC precursorincreased when RBCturnover is high
1-2%
sickle cell sickle shape to cell
due to gentetic defect in RBC protein, malaria resistance to heterozygotes
iron deficient RBC
pale red, small
White Blood CellsWBC’s
immune cellsphagocytesantibody producing cellsmediators of immunity
Divided into two groupsgranulocytes
chemicals stored in cytoplasm stain distinctive colorsusually with a multi-lobular nucleusneutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
agranulocytesclear cytoplasmusually has a round or horseshoe-shaped nucleuslymphocyte, monocyte
Granulocytes
Cellnuclear
appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3
neutrophil
lobular—2-5 lobes
intermediate colored granules
phagocytosis of bateria and fungi, mediates inflammation
varies
3,000-7,00050-70% of WBC’s
band cell immature neutrophil
Granulocytes
Cellnuclear
appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3
eosinophil
lobular—2 lobes
red granules combats parasitic infection, phagocytizes immune complexes, reduce inflammation
100-400
2-4% of WBC’s
Granulocytes
Cellnuclear
appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3
basophil lobular—U to S shaped with 2-3 constrictions
deep blue-purple granules
granules contain histamine and heparin, mediates inflammation
20-50 (hard to find on slides)<1% of WBC’s
Agranulocytes
Cellnuclear
appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3
lymphocyte
round—takes up most of cell
pale blue mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies, mediates other cellular immune response, includes B and T cells
1,500-3,000
20-30% of WBC’s
Agranulocytes
Cellnuclear
appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3
monocyte
U or kidney shaped
large in size
grey-blue in color
phagocyes
called macro-phages in tissues
100-700
2-8% of WBC’s
Platelets
Cellnuclear
appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3
platelets none- fragments of a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte
reddish-purple
mediates blood clotting chemically and mechanically
150K-500K
coagulation: process by which platelets and blood proteins stop blood flowcoagulation time: time it takes to clot blood. 2-6 minutes.
Blood TypeGlycoproteins
some people’s RBC’s have substances called glycoproteins on the cell membrane.the glycoprotein determines the blood type
type Atype A type Btype B type ABtype AB type Otype O
Blood Typetype Atype A type Btype B type ABtype AB type Otype O
anti B antibody
anti B antibody
anti A antibody
anti A antibody
no antibody
no antibody
anti A & B antibody
anti A & B antibody
isoantibodies and agglutinins
Blood Type
mixing of incompatible blood types causes hemolysis
type Atype Arecipient
type Btype Bdonor
Blood Type
type Atype A
mixing of incompatible blood types causes hemolysis
type Btype B
Blood Type
type Atype A
mixing of incompatible blood types causes hemolysis
type Btype B
•anti B antibodies from recipient’s blood causes hemolysis of the donated type B blood
•anti A antibodies from donated blood causes some hemolysis of the recipient’s blood (but effect is minimal)
Blood Type
recipient
type ABtype ABdonor
type Otype O
Blood Type
type ABtype AB type Otype O
Blood Type
type ABtype AB type Otype O
• there are neither anti A or B antibodies in recipient’s blood, no hemolysis of donated blood occurs
• anti A and B antibodies from donated blood causes some hemolysis of the recipient’s blood (but effect is minimal)
Blood Type
A B AB O
compatible donor A,O B,O
A,B, AB,O(universal recipient)
O
incompatible donor B,AB A,AB —
A,B,AB(universal
donor)
Blood TypeGenetics
•follows classic “Mendelian” genetics•A and B share dominance and O is “recessive”
type A
AA
type B
BB
AB AB AB AB100% type AB
Blood TypeGenetics
•follows classic “Mendelian” genetics•A and B share dominance and O is “recessive”
type A
AA
type O
OO
AO AO AO AO100% type A
Blood TypeGenetics
•follows classic “Mendelian” genetics•A and B share dominance and O is “recessive”
type A
AB
type O
OO
AO AO BO BO50% type A, 50% type B
Blood TypeGenetics
•follows classic “Mendelian” genetics•A and B share dominance and O is “recessive”
type A
AO
type O
BO
AB AO OB OO25% AB, 25% B, 25% A, 25% O
Blood TypeRh Factor
named after a protein on monkey RBC’s where it was first described85%-100% of various populations are Rh + (they have the Rh antigen on their RBC’s)Rh— people produce Rh antibodies only when exposed to Rh+ blood (usually no problems with first transfusion)once Rh antibodies are produced they persist foreverif another transfusion occurs they will likely have a hemolytic reaction as discussed previously)
Blood TypeHemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Rh — mother / Rh + fatherif fetus is Rh + it can sensitize the mother to produce Rh antibodies when some blood mixture occurs during pregnancy
Subsequent pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus will be a problemRh antibodies produced by the mother cross the placenta and cause hemolysis in the Rh+ fetus, usually results in death
Prevented by injecting Rh— mother with Rh antibodies prior to delivery