![Page 1: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 2: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
FIGURE 7.2 A process-control system showing the final control operations.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 3: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
FIGURE 7.3 An op amp circuit for Example 7.1.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 4: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
FIGURE 7.4 A pneumatic amplifier or booster converts the signal pressure to a higher pressure or the same pressure but with greater gas volume.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 5: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
FIGURE 7.5 Principles of the nozzle/flapper system.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 6: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
FIGURE 7.6 Using a nozzle/flapper for a current-to-pressure converter.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 7: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
FIGURE 7.7 The silicon-controlled-rectifier (SCR) symbol and characteristic curve.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 8: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
FIGURE 7.8 An SCR for variation of load voltage using the half-wave circuit. Only the positive half-source cycle delivers power to the load.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 9: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
FIGURE 7.9 A full-wave SCR circuit. The effective rms dc voltage applied to the load is greater than that of the half-wave because the entire cycle is used.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 10: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
FIGURE 7.10 An optical coupler can be used to control triggering of the SCR from an external circuit.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 11: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
FIGURE 7.11 Circuit for Example 7.3.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 12: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
FIGURE 7.12 Voltages versus time for Example 7.3.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 13: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
FIGURE 7.13 Two common symbols for the Gate Turn-off (GTO).
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 14: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
FIGURE 7.14 GTO circuit for Example 7.4.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 15: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
FIGURE 7.15 A TRIAC can be triggered to conduct in either direction so a true ac voltage can be applied to a load.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 16: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
FIGURE 7.16 The DIAC has a bipolar breakover voltage, ±VL. After the voltage reaches ±VL, the DIAC conducts like a diode.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 17: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
FIGURE 7.17 The TRIAC can be triggered from the ac line using a DIAC.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 18: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
FIGURE 7.18 This modification of the triggering circuit eases calculation of a solution for Example 7.4.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 19: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
FIGURE 7.19 These are the voltage waveforms for Example 7.4.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 20: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
FIGURE 7.20 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) symbol and characteristic curves.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 21: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
FIGURE 7.21 Operating the BJT in the linear mode.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 22: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
FIGURE 7.22 Operating the BJT in the switched mode.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 23: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
FIGURE 7.23 Power MOSFET symbol and characteristic curves.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 24: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
FIGURE 7.24 IGBT symbol and characteristic curves.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 25: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
FIGURE 7.25 A solenoid converts an electrical signal to a physical displacement.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 26: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
FIGURE 7.26 A solenoid used to change gears.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 27: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
FIGURE 7.27 Permanent magnet dc motor.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 28: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
FIGURE 7.28 Three dc motor configurations.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 29: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
FIGURE 7.29 A three-phase rectifier for high power dc motors implemented with SCRs.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 30: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
FIGURE 7.30 Simple ac motor with a permanent magnet rotor.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 31: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
FIGURE 7.31 The induction motor depends on a rotor field from current induced by ac field coils, as shown in FIGURE 7.30.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 32: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
FIGURE 7.32 ac motor control with a variable amplitude, variable frequency circuit using power electronics.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 33: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
FIGURE 7.33 An elementary stepping motor.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 34: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
FIGURE 7.34 The four positions of the elementary stepper rotor.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 35: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
FIGURE 7.35 Stepper with 8 rotor teeth and 12 stator poles. Note that the rotor teeth line up with the A poles. With the next step, the rotor teeth will line up with the B poles.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 36: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
FIGURE 7.36 A direct pneumatic actuator for converting pressure signals into mechanical shaft motion.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 37: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
FIGURE 7.37 A reverse-acting pneumatic actuator.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 38: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
FIGURE 7.38 A hydraulic actuator converts a small force, F1 , into an amplified force, FW .
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 39: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
FIGURE 7.39 A hydraulic servo system. The process-control system provides input of the setpoint to the hydraulic servo.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 40: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
FIGURE 7.40 An example of a mechanical control element in the form of a hopper valve and conveyor.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 41: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
FIGURE 7.41 A continuous-operation paper-thickness-controlling system using mechanical final control elements.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 42: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
FIGURE 7.42 Basic control system for motor speed using a tachometer to sense the motor speed.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 43: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
FIGURE 7.43 A control system varies the rotation rate of a reaction kiln based upon temperature.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 44: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
FIGURE 7.44 Control of heat into a reaction vessel through an electrical power amplifier.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 45: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
FIGURE 7.45 A basic control-valve cross-section. The direction of flow is important for proper valve action.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 46: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
FIGURE 7.46 A pneumatic actuator connected to a control valve. The actuator is driven by a current through an I/P converter.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 47: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
FIGURE 7.47 Three types of control valves open differently as a function of valve stem position.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 48: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
FIGURE 7.48 Feed control to a distillation column based on temperature.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 49: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
FIGURE 7.49 Figure for Problem 7.4.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 50: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
FIGURE 7.50 Figure for Problem 7.7.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 51: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
FIGURE 7.51 Figure for Problem 7.20.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 52: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
FIGURE 7.52 Figure for Problems S7.2 and S7.3.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
![Page 53: FIGURE 7.1 Elements of the final control operation. Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e] Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education,](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102805/5513bdb35503463a298b47f4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
FIGURE 7.53 Figure for Problem S7.3.
Curtis JohnsonProcess Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.