Fluidized Bed Combustion Ashes of Municipal Solid Waste
Amon PURGARa,b
Petr PAVLIKa
Prof. Franz WINTERa
a) Institute of Chemical EngineeringGetreidemarkt 9/166, 1060 Vienna
b) Institute of Water Quality, Resources and Waste ManagementKarlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna
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• Introduction– municipal solid waste incineration and FBC in Austria– landfill regulations– importance of incineration
• Ashes– quantities and origin– physical and chemical properties– decontamination, recycling, utilization, disposal
• Summary
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Fluidized Bed Combustors in Austriaindustrial sector number of
facilities
capacity range
min/max
installed
capacity
percentage
Pulp & Paper 8 13 – 133 MW 476 MW 47 %
Waste to Energy 7 3 – 110 MW 314 MW 31 %
Biomass heat‐
ant –power plants 3 47 – 66 MW 158 MW 16 %
Treatment of communal sewage sludge 5 1 – 20 MW 63 MW 6 %
total 23 1 – 133 MW 1.019 MW 100 %
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Historical overview on Fluidized Bed Combustion in Austria
Installed thermal capacity within the industrial sectors pulp & paper (PP), waste to energy fluidized
bed(WTE), biomass heat‐
and –power plants (BHP) and treatment of communal sewage sludge (TCSS)
over time.
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[A. Puragr, F. Winter, Chemie Ingenieur Technik, Volume 85, Issue 3, 2013]
• Reasons for Incineration– Directive 1999/31/EG on Landfill of Waste
– Article 5:– reduction of biodegradeable waste going to landfill
composting incineration
incineration
FBC grate furnace rotary kilns
– Austrian Acts– “Deponieverordnung”– TOC content 5 %– problem with plastics in msw
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capacities: msw incinerationwithout co-combustion of msw, and without mono combustion of communal sewage sludge.
Capacities installed in thermal waste incineration in tons per year of municipal solid waste in Austria..
Without co‐combustion in industrial boilers and without mono combustion of communal sewage
sludge. FBC) Fluidized Bed Combustion [BAWP Austria 2011, Abfallverbrennung in Ö. 2006, Linz AG]
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– An elaborate flue gas cleaning system is requiredEmission standards of msw incinerators
[mg/Nm³]based on 11%
O2
EU-directive 2000/76 on thermal waste treatment
Austrian regulation on thermal waste treatment
BGBl II 2002/389
half hour average
daily average
half hour average
daily average
Dust 10 10 10 10
CO 100 50 100 50
C-org. (TOC) 10 10 10 10
NOx 200 200 100 70
HCl 10 10 10 10
HF 2 1 0,7 0,5
SO2 50 50 50 50
Hg 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
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A)fluidized bed combustor; B) gravitational and/or centrifugal separators, C) dry flue gas cleaning, D) baghouse filter or electrostatic precipitator, E) wet scrubbers; F) selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
different ashes
bottom ash particle collector ashcyclon asheconomizer ash
baghousefilter ashesp ash
residues from the wet flue gas treatment
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Air
Pollution
Control
residues
Classification of new generated waste flux:int. ash working group Austrian legal classification
Bottom Ash ash – slag from mswi (hazardous)
APC residiuesfly ash and dust from mswi (hazardous)
solid residues from mswi flue gas
cleaning system (hazardous)
Directive 1999/31/EG on Landfill of Waste
Article 4: classes of landfill
– inert waste– non hazardous waste– hazardous waste
standardscosts
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new generated waste flux 2008, Austriaresidues(ref. to Austrian legal class.)
hazardoustons / year
non hazardoustons / year
stabilizedtons / year
ash – slag from mswi 0 356.400 k.a.
fly ash and dust from mswi 30.200 323.800 14.700
solid residues from mswi flue
gas cleaning system 3.700 2.200 1.755
[Abfallwirtschaftsplan, Austria, 2011]
[H. Ecke, Waste Management & research 2000, adapted from IAWG 1995]
grate furnace
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Classification of ashes as non hazardous waste:
• total content- mercury, lead, TOC, dioxins, etc.
• water soluble content- total water soluble content- Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, etc.
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A)fluidized bed combustor; B) gravitational and/or centrifugal separators, C) dry flue gas cleaning, D) baghouse filter or electrostatic precipitator, E) wet scrubbers; F) selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
T /°C
FG path /m
200°C
850°C
400°C
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temperature / °C
mas
s/ g
De-sublimation of different species in the flue gas path
[Dampferzeugerkorrosion; Manfred Born 2005]
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A)fluidized bed combustor; B) gravitational and/or centrifugal separators, C) dry flue gas cleaning, D) baghouse filter or electrostatic precipitator, E) wet scrubbers; F) selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
T /°C
FG path /m
200°C
850°C
400°C
fly ash
Pb contenttotal water soluble
content
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A)fluidized bed combustor; B) gravitational and/or centrifugal separators, C) dry flue gas cleaning, D) baghouse filter or electrostatic precipitator, E) wet scrubbers; F) selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
/m
fly ash
surfaceparticle size
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leaching problem
s
e.g. lead content ,SiO2 content in different fly ashes of FBC and Grate
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Decontamination/Stabilization of fly ash• reduction of hazardous material
separation of ash flows (~400°C)• thermal treatment
electric melting
burner melting
• wet chemical treatment
leaching (neutral, alkaline, acidic)
1‐10 % Zn0‐1 % Pb
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Summary:
• Due to landfill regulations municipal solid waste incineration is an important technology in waste management.
• Fluidized bed combustion is an excellent technology to incinerate pre sorted municipal solid waste. It is often combined with the incineration of municipal sewage sludge.
• Because of the bed material attrition - mainly SiO2 - increased residues are a consequence. Naturally the total content of interfering material - e.g. lead - is reduced.
• Due to the varying fuel and the constructional differences between the waste incineration plants the residues from waste incineration are a complex matter.
• Along with the flue gas path the content of interfering material is increasing.
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Acknowledgements:
• The present research is part of the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Anthropogenic Resources.
• The Austrian ministry for transport, innovation and technology (BMVIT) is funding the TU-vienna´s activities within the IEA - implementing agreement fluidized bed conversion.
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Than you for your attention!
Amon PurgarVienna University of Technology
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