Download - Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
1/49
Introduction to Genetic AlgorithmsTheory and Applications
The Seventh Oklahoma Symposium on ArtificialIntelligence
November 19, 1993
Roger L. Wainwright
Dept. of Mathematical and Computer Sciences
The University of Tulsa
600 South College Avenue
Tulsa, OK 74104-3189
(918) 631-3143
C Copyright RLW 1993
Tutorial Outline
1
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
2/49
Part I Introduction and Concepts of Genetic Algorithms
_ Bibliography_ GA Definitions
_ Overview of GAs
_ When to Use GAs
_ GA vs Traditional Algorithms
_ GA vs SA
_ Applications of GA
_ The Standard GA (Algorithm)
_ Population Representation
_ Reproduction
_ Example GA Fitness Function
_ Roulette Wheel
_ Crossover
_ Mutation
_ Schema Theory
_ Fundamental Theorem of GA
_ Deception
_ Genetic Programming
Tutorial Outline
2
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
3/49
Part II Example Applications of Genetic Algorithms
_ Order Based GAs_ PMX Crossover
_ TSP GA
_ Additional Applications using GAs
_ Three Dimensional Bin Packing
_ Set Covering Problem
_ Multiple Vehicle Routing
_ Neural Network GA
_ Parallel GA Issues
_ Genetic Algorithm Packages
_ GATutor
_ GA Newsletter and How to Join
3
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
4/49
Primary GA Bibliography (1993)
1.Proceedings of the First International Conference on Genetic Algorithms,
John Grefenstette, Editor, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1985.
2.Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms,
John Grefenstette, Editor, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1987.
3.Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, J.
David Schaffer, Editor, Morgan Kaufmann, 1989.
4.Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms,Richard Beler, Editor, Morgan Kaufmann, 1991.
5.Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms,
Stephanie Forrest, Editor, Morgan Kaufmann, 1993
6.Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing, Lawrence Davis, Editor,
Pitman Publishing, 1987.
7.Handbook of Genetic Algorithms, Lawrence Davis, Editor, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1991.
8.Genetic Algorithms in Optimization, Search and Machine Learning, David
Goldberg, Addison Wesley, 1989.
9.Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, John H. Holland, The University
of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 1975.
10.Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, John H. Holland, MIT Press,
1992.
11.Genetic Programming, John R. Koza, MIT Press, 1992.
12.Parallel Problem Solving from Nature 2, Reinhard Manner and Bernard4
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
5/49
Manderick, Editors, Noth-Holland, 1992.
13.Foundations of Genetic Algorithms, Gregory Rawlins, Editor, Morgan
Kaufmann, 1991.
14.Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 2, Darrell Whitley, Editor, Morgan
Kaufmann, 1993.
15.Nicol N. Schraudolph, "Genetic Algorithm Software Survey", available by
anonymous ftp from cs.ucsd.edu as /pub/GAucsd/GAsoft.txt, August, 1992.
Other GA References (1993)
16.J. Grefenstette, GENESIS, Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial
Intelligence, Navy research Lab., Wash. D.C. 20375-5000.
17.J. Grefenstette, "Optimization of Control Parameters for Genetic Algorithms",
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, pp. 122-128, 1986.
18.H. Muehlenbein, "Parallel Genetic Algorithms, Population Genetics and
Combinatorial Optimization", Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference
on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann, 1989.
19.R. Tanese, "Distributed Genetic Algorithms, Proceedings of the Third
International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, ed. J.D. Schaffer, Morgan
Kaufmann, pp. 434-439, 1989.
20.T. Starkweather, S. McDaniel, K. Mathias, D. Whitley and C. Whitley, "A
Comparison of Genetic Sequencing Operators", Proceedings of the Fourth
International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, June, 1991.
21.T. Starkweather, D. Whitley, and K. Mathias, "Optimization Using
Distributed Genetic Algorithms," in Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, ed.
H. Schwefel and R. Maenner, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1991.
22.D. Whitley, T. Starkweather, and C. Bogart, "Genetic Algorithm and Neural
Networks: Optimizing Connections and Connectivity", Parallel Computing,5
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
6/49
14:347-361.
23.D. Whitley and J. Kauth, GENITOR: A Different Genetic Algorithm,
Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Denver,
Co., 1988, pp. 118-130.
24.D. Whitley, T. Starkweather, and D. Fuquat, "Scheduling Problems and
Traveling Salesman: The Genetic Edge Recombination Operator", Proceedings
of the Third International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, June, 1989.
25.D. Whitley and T. Starkweather, "GENITOR II: A Distributed Genetic
Algorithm", Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence,
2(1990) 189-214.
University of Tulsa GA References (1993)
26.Abuali, F. N., Schoenefeld, D. A. and Wainwright, R. L. "The Design of a
Multipoint Line Topology for a Communication Network Using Genetic
Algorithms", Seventh Oklahoma Conference on Artificial Intelligence, November,
1993.
27.Abuali, F.N., Schoenefeld, D.A. and Wainwright, R.L., "Terminal Assignment
in a Communication Network Using Genetic Algorithms", to appear in the 22nd
Annual ACM Computer Science Conference - CSC'94, March, 1994.
28.Blanton, J.L. and Wainwright, R.L. "Multiple Vehicle Routing with Time
and Capacity Constraints using Genetic Algorithms", Proceedings of the Fifth
International Conference on Genetic Algorithms (ICGA-93), Stephanie
Forrest, Editor, Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, 1993, pp. 452-459.
29.Corcoran, A. L. and Wainwright, R. L. "A Genetic Algorithm for Packing in
Three Dimensions", Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Symposium on Applied
Computing, March 1-3, 1992, pp. 1021-1030, ACM Press.
30.Corcoran, A. L. and Wainwright, R. L., "LibGA: A User-Friendly
Workbench for Order-Based Genetic Algorithm Research", Proceedings of the
1993 ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, February, 14-16,6
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
7/49
1993, pp. 111-117, ACM Press.
31.Corcoran, A.L. and Wainwright, R.L. "The Performance of a Genetic
Algorithm on a Chaotic Objective Function", Seventh Oklahoma Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, November, 1993.
32.Knight, L. R. and Wainwright, R. L. "HYPERGEN - A Distributed Genetic
Algorithm on a Hypercube", Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE Scalable High
Performance Computing Conference, Williamsburg, VA., April 26-29, 1992, pp.
232-235, IEEE Press.
33.Mutalik, P. M., Knight, L. R., Blanton, J. L. and Wainwright, R. L.
"Solving Combinatorial Optimization Problems Using Parallel SimulatedAnnealing and Parallel Genetic Algorithms", Proceedings of the 1992
ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, March 1-3, 1992. pp. 1031-
1038, ACM Press.
34.Prince, C., Wainwright, R.L., Schoenefeld, D.A. and Tull, T., "GATutor: A
Graphical Tutorial System for Genetic Algorithms" to appear in the 25th ACM
SIGCSE Technical Symposium - SIGCSE'94, March, 1994.
35.Sekharan, D. Ansa and Wainwright, R. L., "Manipulating Subpopulations of
Feasible and Infeasible Solutions in Genetic Algorithms", Proceedings of the
1993 ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, February, 14-16, 1993,
pp. 118-125, ACM Press.
36.Sekharan, D. Ansa and Wainwright, R. L., "Manipulating Subpopulations in
Genetic Algorithms for Solving the k-way Graph Partitioning Problem", Seventh
Oklahoma Conference on Artificial Intelligence, November, 1993.
37.Wu, Yu and Wainwright, R. L., "Near-Optimal Triangulation of a Point Set
using Genetic Algorithm", Seventh Oklahoma Conference on Artificial
Intelligence, November, 1993.
Genetic Algorithm Definitions7
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
8/49
Grefenstette [16]
"A genetic Algorithm is an iterative procedure maintaining a
population of structures that are candidate solutions to specific
domain challenges. During each temporal increment (called a
generation), the structures in the current population are rated for
their effectiveness as domain solutions, and on the basis of these
evaluations, a new population of candidate solutions is formed using
specific genetic operators such as reproduction, crossover, and
mutation."
Goldberg [8]
"They combine survival of the fittest among string structures with
a structured yet randomized information exchange to form a search
algorithm with some of the innovative flair of human search. In
every generation, a new set of artificial creatures (strings) is created
using bits and pieces of the fittest of the old; an occasional new part
is tried for good measure. While randomized, genetic algorithms
are no simple random walk. They efficiently exploit historical
information to speculate on new search points with expected
improved performance."
Genetic Algorithms Overview8
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
9/49
_ Developed by John Holland in 1975 [9].
_ Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are searchalgorithms based on the mechanics of the naturalselection process (biological evolution). The mostbasic concept is that the strong tend to adapt andsurvive while the weak tend to die out. That is,optimization is based on evolution, and the "Survivalof the fittest" concept.
_ GAs have the ability to create an initialpopulation of feasible solutions, and then recombinethem in a way to guide their search to only the mostpromising areas of the state space.
_ Each feasible solution is encoded as achromosome (string) also called a genotype, and eachchromosome is given a measure of fitness via afitness (evaluation or objective) function.
_ The fitness of a chromosome determines itsability to survive and produce offspring.
_ A finite population of chromosomes ismaintained.
Genetic Algorithms Overview Continued9
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
10/49
_ GAs use probabilistic rules to evolve apopulation from one generation to the next. The
generations of the new solutions are developed bygenetic recombination operators:
_ Biased Reproduction: selecting the fittest toreproduce)
_ Crossover: combining parent chromosomes toproduce children chromosomes
_ Mutation: altering some genes in achromosome.
_ Crossover combines the "fittest" chromosomesand passes superior genes to the next generation.
_ Mutation ensures the entire state-space willbe searched, (given enough time) and can lead thepopulation out of a local minima.
_ Most Important Parameters in GAs:_ Population Size_ Evaluation Function
_ Crossover Method_ Mutation Rate
Genetic Algorithms Overview Continued
10
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
11/49
_ Determining the size of the population is acrucial factor
_ Choosing a population size too small
increases the risk of converging prematurely to alocal minima, since the population does not haveenough genetic material to sufficiently cover theproblem space.
_ A larger population has a greater chance offinding the global optimum at the expense of
more CPU time.
_ The population size remains constant fromgeneration to generation.
11
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
12/49
Genetic Algorithms Overview Continued
_ A robust search technique
_ GAs will produce "close" to optimal results in a"reasonable" amount of time
_ Suitable for parallel processing
_ Some problems are deceptive
_ Can use a noisy fitness function
_ Fairly simple to develop
_ Makes no assumptions about the problem space
_ GAs are blind without the fitness function. TheFitness Function Drives the Population Toward BetterSolutions and is the most important part of thealgorithm.
_Probability and randomness are essential parts of GA
Use Genetic Algorithms12
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
13/49
_ When an acceptable solution representation isavailable
_ When a good fitness function is available
_ When it is feasible to evaluate each potential solution
_ When a near-optimal, but not optimal solution isacceptable.
_ When the state-space is too large for other methods
13
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
14/49
Genetic Algorithms vs TraditionalAlgorithm
Goldberg [8]
1. The GA works with a coding of the parameter ratherthan the actual parameter.
2. The GA works from a population of strings instead ofa single point.
3. Application of GA operators causes information fromthe previous generation to be carried over to the next.
4. The GA uses probabilistic transition rules, notdeterministic rules.
14
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
15/49
Genetic Algorithms vs. Simulated Annealing
SA
_ 1 Feasible Solution
_ Perturbation Function
_ Acceptance Function
_ Temperature Parameter
GA
_ Population of Feasible Solutions
_ Evaluation Function
_ Selection Bias
_ Reproduction
_ Mutation
15
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
16/49
Applications of Genetic Algorithms
_ Scheduling:
Facility, Production, Job, and Transportation Scheduling
_ Design:
Circuit board layout, Communication Network design,
keyboard layout, Parametric design in aircraft
_ Control:
Missile evasion, Gas pipeline control, Pole balancing
_ Machine Learning:
Designing Neural Networks, Classifier Systems, Learning rules
_ Robotics:
Trajectory Planning, Path planning
_ Combinatorial Optimization:
TSP, Bin Packing, Set Covering, Graph Bisection, Routing,
_ Signal Processing:
Filter Design
_ Image Processing:
Pattern recognition
_ Business:
Economic Forecasting; Evaluating credit risks
Detecting stolen credit cards before customer reports it is stolen
_ Medical:
Studying health risks for a population exposed to toxins
16
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
17/49
The Standard Genetic Algorithm
>>>> Use the flowchart I created
>>>> Replace this page with flowchart page
17
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
18/49
GENETIC ALGORITHMS
Preliminary Considerations
1. Determine how a feasible solution should be represented
a) Choice of Alphabet. This should be the smallest alphabet
that permits a natural expression of the problem.
b) The String Length. A string is a chromosome and each
symbol in the string is a gene.
2. Determine the Population Size.
This will remain constant throughout the algorithm.
Choosing a population size too small increases the risk of
converging prematurely to a local optimum, since the population
does not sufficiently cover the problem space. A larger
population has a greater chance of finding the global optimumat the expense of more CPU time.
3. Determine the Objective Function to be used in the algorithm.
18
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
19/49
A Genetic Algorithm
1. Determine an Initial Population.
a) Random or
b) by some Heuristic
2. REPEAT
A. Determine the fitness of each member of the population.(Perform the objective function on each population member)
Fitness Scaling can be applied at this point. Fitness
Scaling adjusts down the fitness values of the super-
performers and adjusts up the lower performers, promoting
competition among the strings. As the population matures,
the really bad strings will drop out. Linear Scaling is
an example.
B. Reproduction (Selection)
Determine which strings are "copied" or "selected" for the
mating pool and how many times a string will be "selected"
for the mating pool. Higher performers will be copied more
often than lower performers. Example: the probability of
selecting a string with a fitness value of f is f/ft, where
ft is the sum of all of the fitness values in the population.
19
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
20/49
Genetic Algorithm Continued
C. Crossover
1. Mate each string randomly using some crossover technique
2. For each mating, randomly select the crossover position(s).
(Note one mating of two strings produces two strings.
Thus the population size is preserved.)
D. Mutation
Mutation is performed randomly on a gene of a chromosome.
Mutation is rare, but extremely important. As an example,
perform a mutation on a gene with probability .005.
If the population has g total genes (g = string length *
population size) the probability of a mutation on any one
gene is 0.005g, for example. This step is a no-op most of
the time. Mutation insures that every region of the problemspace can be reached. When a gene is mutated it is randomly
selected and randomly replaced with another symbol from the
alphabet.
UNTIL Maximum number of generation is reached.
20
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
21/49
Various Population Representations
_ Chromosomes can be represented as
_ Bit Strings (1011 ... 0100)
_ Reals (19.3, 45.1, -12.9, ... 6.2)
_ Integers (1,4,2,7,5,9,3,6,8) Usually Permutations of 1..n
_ Characters (A, G, Q, ... F) Usually Permutations
_ List of rules (R1, R2, ... R20)
_ Chromosomes are all of the same type (Bit Strings)
_ Chromosomes are all the same length
_ The population size remains constant from generation to generation
21
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
22/49
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
23/49
Initial Population P0
No. Times
No. Chromosome x f(x) P(x) Selected*
1 1001 1 19 25.459 .185 2
2 01 010 10 9.144 .066 1
3 1 1001 25 31.465 .229 2
4 00110 6 12.341 .090 0
5 0 1011 11 13.518 .098 1
6 1011 1 23 23.369 .170 1
7 00100 4 3.885 .028 0
8 10 001 17 18.399 .134 1
SUM 115 137.580 1.000 8
AVE 14 17.198 .125 1
MAX 25 31.465 .229 2
f(Pop)= sum f(x)/n = 137.58 / 8 = 17.198
P(x) = f(x) / sum f(x)
= the Probability of Selection
* Based on Selection Roulette Wheel23
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
24/49
The Selection Roulette Wheel
Roulette: the classical selection operator for generationalGA as described by Goldberg. Each member of the poolis assigned space on a roulette wheel proportional to itsfitness. The members with the greatest fitness have the
highest probability of selection. This selection techniqueworks only for a GA which maximizes its objectivefunction.
>
24
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
25/49
Crossover
_ Causes an exchange of genetic material between
two parents
_ Crossover point(s) is determined stochastically
_ The Crossover Operator is the most important featurein a GA
Single Point Crossover Example
Parent 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
Parent 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Child 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Child 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
Double Point Crossover Example
Parent 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Parent 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
Child 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Child 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
25
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
26/49
Mutation
_ The Mutation operator guarantees the entire state-space
will be searched, given enough time.
_ Restores lost information or adds information to the population.
_ Performed on a child after crossover.
_ Performed infrequently (For example, 0.005 probability of
altering a gene in a chromosome)
Child 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
after mutation 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
_ Special Mutation operators may be application dependent (TSP)
_ Adaptive Mutation:
_ Monitor the hamming distance between two parents.
_ The more similar the parents, the more likely mutation
is applied. Whitley, Starkweather [25]
26
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
27/49
Continuation of the fitness function
f(x) = 4 * cos(x) + x + 2.5
0 = 31
Population P1
(After Crossover. Assume no Mutation)
No. New Parents Crossover x f(x)
Chromosome (from P0) Point
1 01 001 (2,8) 2 9
7.8552
2 10 010 (2,8) 2 18 23.141
3 1001 1 (1,6) 4 19 25.459
4 1011 1 (1,6) 4 23 23.369
5 1 1011 (3,5) 1 27 28.331
6 0 1001 (3,5) 1 9 7.855
7 100 01 (1,3) 3 17 18.399
8 110 11 (1,3) 3 27 28.331
SUM 149 162.740
AVE 18 20.343
MAX 27 28.331
f(Pop0) = 17.198
f(Pop1) = 20.343
27
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
28/49
>>> plot of the function showing
the 8 initial points
of Pop0 and the 8 points of Pop1
28
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
29/49
Schema Theory (John Holland)
_ An abstract way to view the complexities of crossover.
_ Consider 6-bit representations where * indicates don't care
0***** represents a subset of 32 strings
1**00* represents a subset of 8 strings
_ Let H represent a schema such as 1**1**
_ Order: o(H)
The number of fixed positions in the schema, H.o(1*****) = 1,
o(1**1*1) = 3
_ Length: delta(H)
The distance between sentinel fixed positions in H.
delta(1**1**) = (4-1) = 3
delta(1*****) = 0
delta(***1**) = 0
29
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
30/49
Fundamental Theorem of GeneticAlgorithms
(The Schema Theorem)
The expected number of copies, m, of schema H is bounded by:
>>>> Slide from GATUTOR 91
Wherem - number of schemata
H - schema
t - time or generation
f - fitness function
fave - average fitness value
pc - crossover probability
delta - lengthl - string length
pm - mutation probability
o - order
30
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
31/49
Consider H = 1**** in the above problem:
The Schema Theorem states that
m(H,P1) >= m(H,P0) f(H)/fave
6 >= 4 * 25.753 / 17.198
6 >= 6
(Note in this case o(1****) = 1 and delta(1****) = 0
and pm = 0 greatly reducing the formula)
In Other Words:
Theorem: The number of representatives of any schema, S,increases in proportion to the observed relative performance of S.
31
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
32/49
Deception
What Problems are Difficult for GAs
Example: an order-3 deception [25]
"information represented by the schemata in the search space leads
the search away from the global optimum, and instead directs thesearch toward the binary string that is the complement of the global
optimum. The search space is order-3 deceptive .. if the following
relationships hold for the [three-bit] schemata:"
0** > 1** and 00* > 11*, 01*, 10*
*0* > *1* and 0*0 > 1*1, 0*1, 1*0
**0 > **1 and *00 > *11, *01, *10
but, 111 > 000, 001, 010, 100, 110, 101, 011
Example: f(000) = 28 f(100) = 14
f(001) = 26 f(101) = 10
f(010) = 22 f(110) = 5
f(011) = 20 f(111) = 30
Chaotic, noisy and "needle in a haystack" functions
GA-easy, GA-hard problems
32
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
33/49
Overview of Genetic ProgrammingKoza [11]
Manipulate strings of instructions rather than strings of data.
Goal: Allow computers to develop their own software
(Survival of the fittest computer programs)
Crossover and mutation manipulate branches of the program tree.
"Genetic Programming starts with an initial population of randomly generated
computer programs composed of functions and terminals appropriate to theproblem domain. The functions may be standard arithmetic operations, standard
programming operations, standard mathematical functions, logical functions,
or domain-specific functions. Depending on the particular problem, the
computer program may be Boolean-valued, integer-valued, real-valued,
complex-valued, vector-valued, symbolic valued, or multiple-valued. The
creation of this initial random population is, in effect, a blind random search of
the search space of the problem. Each individual computer program in the
population is measured in terms of how well it performs in the particular
problem environment. This measure is called the fitness measure. The nature of
the fitness measure varies with the problem" [11].
Koza's initial problem: Given a set of initial predicates and possible actions,
develop (evolve) a computer program (in Lisp) to control the movement of an ant
searching for food. The chromosome is a variable sized Lisp program where the
leaf nodes are actions (left, right, move, etc.), and the internal nodes are predicates
or logic controls (if found food), etc. Each chromosome (program) is used tocontrol the actions of a simulated ant in searching for food. The evaluation
function for a given chromosome is the amount of food gathered by an ant in a
fixed amount of time.
33
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
34/49
Consider the following two parent computer
programs given as LISP S-expressions.
>
These two parents are equivalently represented as:
(OR(NOT D1) (AND D0 D1)) and
(OR (OR D1 (NOT D0)) (AND (NOT D0) (NOT D1))).
The first parent has 6 nodes (points) in its S-expression, and the
second parent has 10 points in its S-expression as shown above.
Randomly select any one of the 6 points in parent 1 as its
crossover point, say node "NOT".
Randomly select any one of the 10 points in parent 2 as its
crossover point, say node "AND".
The Selected S-expressions are shown below.
34
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
35/49
The above crossover fragments are exchanged at node "NOT" in the first
parent, and node "AND" in the second parent to produce the following
two children S-expressions [11].
35
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
36/49
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
37/49
Parent 1 3 7 1 9 | 6 4 5 | 2 8
Parent 2 4 7 8 5 | 3 9 2 | 1 6
( 6 3 ) ( 4 9 ) ( 5 2 )
Child 1 6 7 1 4 | 3 9 2 | 5 8
Child 2 9 7 8 2 | 6 4 5 | 1 3
Mutation functions for order-based GAs include
Swap two elements
* * * *
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ==> 9 3 7 6 5 4 8 2 1
Move one element
* *
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ==> 9 8 6 5 4 3 7 2 1
Reorder a sublist
9 8 | 7 6 5 4 3 | 2 1 ==> 9 8 | 5 3 4 6 7 | 2 1
Traveling Salesman Problem
37
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
38/49
Example TSP GA executions adjusting pool size:
TSP 1024 Cities.
PoolSize 500 250 125
Length_String 1024
Trials 100000
Bias 1.9
RandomSeed 15394157
MutateRate 0.15
NodeFile cities1024
StatusInterval 5000
RESULT = 116987 88436
90906
38
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
39/49
TSP 320 Cities.
PoolSize 2000 1000 500 250 125
Length_String 320
Trials 100000a
Bias 1.9
RandomSeed 15394157
MutateRate 0.15
NodeFile cities320
StatusInterval 1000
RESULTS:
Best: 30,761b 25,708 21,366 18,676c 23,760d
Worst: 35,102 28,366 23,235 18,676 23,760
Average: 34,209 27,863 22,880 18,676 23,760
a A poolsize of 2000 for 205,000 trials yielded best of 22,777
b CPU time on a SPARC 1+ was approximately 100 minutes.
c Converged after 72,000 trials
d Converged prematurely after 33,000 trials
39
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
40/49
TSP 105 Cities.
PoolSize 750 500 250 125
Length_String 105
Trials 70000
Bias 1.9
RandomSeed 15394157
MutateRate 0.15
NodeFile cities105
StatusInterval 1000
RESULTS:
Trials at
Convergence: 109,000 61,000 32,000 9,000
Best: 16,503 17,193 24,079 32,370
Worst: 16,503 17,193 24,079 32,370
Average: 16,503 17,193 24,079 32,370
40
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
41/49
Additional Applications Using GAs
Three Dimensional Bin Packing Using GAs [29]
Set Covering Problem Using GAs [35]
Multiple Vehicle Routing with Time and Capacity
Constraints Using GAs [28]
Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks Fixed Architecture
Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks Unknown
Architecture
Parallel Genetic Algorithms [32]
k-way Graph Partitioning Algorithm Using GAs [36]
Graph Bisectioning Problem Using GAs [36]
Triangulation of a Point Set Using GAs [37]
The Package Placement Problem Using GAs [33]
Three Dimensional Bin Packing Using GAs [29]
Encoding: String of integers representing a permutation of the41
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
42/49
packages
Evaluation: Height returned by the Next Fit of First Fit Heuristic
Crossover: Order2, Cycle, PMX, and Random Swap
Mutation: Adaptive, swap 2 packages and rotate on one axis.
RESULTS (in % Fill)
Rotated
Presorted
Without GA Using a GA Using a GA
Next Fit Random 31-35% 41-55% 57-66%
Next Fit Contrived 48-50% 56-71% 60-71%
First Fit Random 36% 41-49% 53-63%
First Fit Contrived 41-53% 56-59% 67-77%
42
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
43/49
Tables from ART page 12 and 14
43
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
44/49
Set Covering Problem Using GAs [35]
Page 6 and FIG 1 of D. Ansa's Slides
44
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
45/49
Multiple Vehicle Routing with Time
and Capacity Constraints Using GAs [28]
45
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
46/49
Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks
Fixed Architecture
Given: A Fixed Connection Topology
Goal: Optimize Connection Weights in a Forward-feed Neural
Network [22]
Example Representation:
Each weight ranges -127 to +127 (8-bits)
Each Chromosome is the concatenated binary weights of the net.
Example Evaluation Function:Run the Network in a feed-forward fashion for each training
pattern just as if one were going to use back propagation.
Accumulate the sum of the squared error as the fitness value
Crossover results in new weight values to try
46
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
47/49
Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks
Unknown Architecture
Use GAs to determine a network architecture
Each Chromosome Depicts a Possible ConnectionTopology
Evaluate each architecture
47
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
48/49
Parallel Genetic AlgorithmsParallel Issues [32]
Migration Interval1. After 5,10,20,50,100 Generations2. ADAPTIVE
Migration Rate1. 10%, 20%, 50% of the population2. ADAPTIVE
How to pick the migrants1. uniformly2. skewed towards the more fit3. Generate "an over population" during migration
generations so nothing is lost from the sendingpopulation, only new comers are analyzed as they come in
4. Perform an "exchange" of genetic material
5. ADAPTIVE
Topology1. Ring2. Hypercube dimensions alternation through the dimensions
Crossover and Mutation1. The same strategy on all processors
2. Different crossover operators and mutation rates ondifferent processors
3. ADAPTIVE
48
-
7/27/2019 Genetic Algorithm Tutorial
49/49
Genetic Algorithm Packages (1993)
_Generational GA: the offspring are saved in a separatepool until the pool size is reached. Then the children pool
replaces the parent pool for the next generation.
_Steady-State GA: the offspring and parents occupy the
same pool. Each time an offspring is generated it is placed
into the pool, and the weakest chromosome is "dropped off"
the pool.
_GENITOR[23] -- A Steady-state GA Package
_GENESIS [16] -- A Generational GA Package
_LibGA [30] -- This package was developed at TheUniversity of Tulsa and offers the best of GENESIS and
GENITOR including the ability to use several additional
features including the ability to use either a steady-state orgenerational, or a combination (generation gap).
_HYPERGEN [32] -- This package was developed at
The University of Tulsa. This GA package runs on ahypercube topology multiprocessor system.
_GATutor [34] -- This package was developed at TheUniversity of Tulsa. It is a self study GA Tutorial Package
that allows the user to grasp the fundamental concepts of