![Page 1: g]kfndf 6fOkmfO8 - Take on Typhoid · Lewis MD, Serichantalergs O, Pitarangsi C, et al. Typhoid Fever: A massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal. Clinical](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051917/6008c05ce457d71b772e8ce4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
2000
1000
092 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Coun
t (Sa
lmon
ella
)
Year
Salmonella Paratyphi Salmonella Typhi
g]kfndf 6fOkmfO8
India
China
NepalPakistan
Bangladesh
o; cg'?k ;g\ @)!& df,
• hDdf !,)%,)@^ hgf 6fOkmfO8sf lj/fdL dWo] %(Ü !% jif{ eGbf
d'lgsf afnaflnsfx? lyP,
• To:t}, s"n !,)$@ 6fOkmfO8af6 d[To" ePsf dWo], %(Ü !% jif{ eGbf
d'lgsf] hg;+Vof /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
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• hDdf !,)%,)@^ hgf 6fOkmfO8sf lj/fdLx?
ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] cyjf k|To]s
!,)),))) hg;+Vofdf #%! hgf 6fOkmfO8sf
lj/fdLx? cg'dflgt ul/Psf] lyof], h; dWo]
%(% !% jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx? lyP,
• To:t}, s"n !,)$@ 6fOkmfO8af6 d[To' ePsf
dWo], %(% !% jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx? /x]sf]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
tYofª\s cg';f/ k|foM h;f] !% jif{ eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf 6fOkmfO8 al9 b]lvPsf] 5 .
Global burden of disease (GBD) sf] tYofª\s cg';f/, ;g\ @)!& df g]kfndf,
k|To]s !,)),))) hg;+Vofdf 6fOkmfO8sf gofF lj/fdLx? -@)!^ df_
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• sf7df8f}+ glhs} ul/Psf] Ps cWoogdf
k|lt !,)),))) hgf JolQmdf %(( hgfnfO{
6fOkmfO8 ePsf] kfOPsf]5,
• g]kfndf 6fOkmfO8 lgbfg ug]{ jf kQf nufpg]
tl/sfx?df l;ldttf ePsf] sf/0fn], w]/} h;f]
cj:yfdf of] /f]usf] ;lx klxrfg x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . oBlk, k|of]uzfnfdf sNr/ u/]/ /f]u
k'li6 ePsf (culture confirmed) cWoogx?sf]
tYofª\s cg';f/ g]kfndf 6fOkmfO8sf] pRr
b/ /x]sf] 5 .
• Kff6g c:ktfndf cfPsf lj/fdLx?sf] sNr/sf]
tYofª\s cg';f/ k|To]s jif{ 6fOkmfO8 /
kf/f6fOkmfO8sf dfldnfx? ;dfg ?kdf
b]vfk/]sf 5g\ / slxn]sflx+ -;g\ @))@ h:t}_
k|sf]ksf] ?kdf klg b]lvPsf 5g\ .
!% jif{ eGbf d'lg^!Ü
!% b]lv $( jif{#!Ü
%) b]lv ^( jif{{^Ü
&) jif{ eGbf dfly@Ü
% jif{ eGbf d'lg
% b]lv !% jif{ leq
&@Ü@*Ü
![Page 2: g]kfndf 6fOkmfO8 - Take on Typhoid · Lewis MD, Serichantalergs O, Pitarangsi C, et al. Typhoid Fever: A massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal. Clinical](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051917/6008c05ce457d71b772e8ce4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
g]kfnsf ljleGg :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf l/kf]{6 ePsf 6fOkmfO8 / kf/f6fOkmfO8sf] b/ lhNnf cg';f/ leGg 5g\ . b]zsf] k"lj{ kxf8L If]q / lxdfnL e]udf of] /f]usf] k|efj al9 kfOPsf] 5 .
b]zsf cGo
efu
sf] If]lqo
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• ljZj el/sf] tYofª\s cg';f/ ;g\ !((@ b]lv, ax' cf}ifwL k|lt/f]wfTds (MDR) 6fOkmfO8sf] k|hflt, H58, sf] k|sf]k pNn]vlgo
tj/n] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
• sf7df8f}Fdf ul/Psf] Ps cWoogsf] glthf cg';f/ k|foM h;f] cj:yfdf 6fOkmfO8 ePsf] k|dfl0ft g} geO{ PlG6afof]l6s
cf}iflwx? lglb{i6 (prescribe) ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ PlG6afof]l6s k|lt/f]wsf ;d:ofx? b]vfk/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
• ;g\ @))@ df g]kfnsf] e/tk'/df %(^# hgf 6fOkmfO8sf] lj/fdL x'g] ul/ ePsf] k|sf]ksf] sf/0f gu/kflnsfsf] Ps dfq vfg]
kfgL ljt/0f lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] . ;f] cWoogsf ljZn]if0f cg';f/ ()Ü isolates x? Ps eGbf al9 PlG6afof]l6s
k|lt/f]wL ePsf] kfOPsf] lyof] .
• ;g\ @)!$ df 6fOkmfO8sf] pkrf/df s]lGb|t /x]sf] Ps cWoogdf pkrf/df k|of]u ul/Psf] km\n'/f]SjLgf]nf]G; -fluroquinolones_ n] /f]u lj?4 sfd ug{ 5f]8]sf]n] ;f] cWoog ;do eGbf cufj} 6'ª\luPsf] lyof] . o; cWoogn] g]kfndf x'g] 6fOkmfO8sf] Hj/f]]
-enteric fever_ xF'bf km\n'/f]SjLgf]nf]G; -fluroquinolones_ sf] k|of]u ug{ gx'g] lgisif{ u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL cWoogn] o; /f]usf
nflu ;]km\l6«cfShf]g -Ceftriaxone_ klg TolQ cg's"n g/x]sf] 7x/ u/]sf] lyof] .
� cGo pkrf/x? dxª\uf jf kxF'r eGbf 6f9f x'g] x'Fbf cWoogstf{n] 6fOkmfO8 lj?4sf] vf]knfO{ k|fyldstf lbFb} pkrf/sf gofF
ljsNksf] ljsf; ug{‘kg]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf 5g\ .
cf}ifwL k|lt/f]wfTds ePsf 6fOkmfO8sf ls6f0f'x? clxn] /fli6«o, If]lqo / ljZj :t/df g} ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vfk/]sf5g\ .
aonkf6f c:ktfn, c5fd
bdf}nL c:ktfn, tgxF'
w'lnv]n c:ktfn, sfe|]knfGrf]s
lsg]{6f/ :jf:Yo s]Gb|, bf]nvf
< !,))) %)))- (())
nfu' gx'g] jf pko'Qm 5}g
@%))- $())
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k|To]s !,)),))) hg;+Vofdf lj/fdL
![Page 3: g]kfndf 6fOkmfO8 - Take on Typhoid · Lewis MD, Serichantalergs O, Pitarangsi C, et al. Typhoid Fever: A massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal. Clinical](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051917/6008c05ce457d71b772e8ce4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Burden of Disease. 2018. Accessed via: ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. 2. Andrew JR, Vaidya K, Bern C, et al. High rates of enteric fever diagnosis and lower burden of culture-confirmed disease in peri-urban and rural Nepal. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2017;jix221:S1-S8.3. Karkey A, Arjyal A, Anders KL, et al. The burden and characteristics of enteric fever at a healthcare facility in a densely populated area of Kathmandu. PLoS One. 2010;5(11):E13988. 4. Results are from SEAP preliminary data as of September 15, 2018.5. Wong VK, Baker S, Pickard DJ, et al. Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events. Nature Genetics. 2015;47(6):632-639. 6. Kaljee LM, Pach A, Garrett D, et al. Social and economic burden associated with typhoid fever in Kathmandu and surrounding areas: A qualitative study. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2017;jix122:S1-S7.7. Lewis MD, Serichantalergs O, Pitarangsi C, et al. Typhoid Fever: A massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005;40:554-561.8. Arjyal A, Basnyat B, Nhan HT, et al. Gatifloxacin versus ceftriaxone for uncomplicated enteric fever in Nepal: an open-label, two-centre, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2016;16(5):535-545.9. Bilcke J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine delivery strategies in Gavi-eligible countries: a modelling study. Submitted.
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Rs• xfn} ul/Psf] Ps cfly{s ljZn]if0fsf] cg';f/, lgoldt vf]k dfkm{t ( dlxgfsf afnaflnsf / !% jif{ ;Ddsf afnaflnsfnfO{
Sofr-ck vf]k cleofg dfkm{t 6fOkmfO8 sGh'u]6 vf]ksf] k|of]u u/]df GAVI sf] cg'bfg lagf klg g]kfndf 6fOkmfO8 lj?4 nfut
k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
• 6fOkmfO8 vf]k cWoog -TyVAC_ n] g]kfndf 6fOkmfO8 lj?4 vf]ksf] nfut k|efjsfl/tf kQf nufpg klg ub}{5 .
• sf7df8f}+df ul/Psf] Ps cWoogsf] cg';f/ 6fOkmfO8sf] sf/0fn] c:ktfndf egf{ ePsf] Ps lj/fdLsf] pkrf/sf nflu k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf
u/]/ x'g] vr{ cd]l/sL 8n/ @## x'g] ub{5 . of] /sd eg]sf] Pp6f g]kfnL kl/jf/sf] cf};t jflif{s sdfO{sf] nueu Ps ltxfO{ vr{ xf]
-jflif{s cfDbfgLM US$ &#)_ .
• o; 6fOkmfO8 vf]k cWoog -TyVAC_ n] g]kfndf kfl/jfl/s tyf ;]jf k|bfos sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 6fOkmfO8 /f]usf] vr{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{5 .
• g]kfndf ul/g] vf]k cleofgsf nflu GAVI n] vf]k tyf ;'O{sf] cfk"lt{sf nflu rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ Joxf]g]{ 5 / ;fy}, sfo{s|d kl/rfngsf]
nufgLdf of]ubfg ug]{5
• lgoldt vf]k tflnsfdf TCV nfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpgsf lglDt, GAVI n] k|f/lDes cg'bfg (introduction grant) k|bfg ug]{5 ;fy} vf]ksf]
nfutdf klg ;xof]u ug]{5 . k|f/lDes :jnufgL /fi6 (self-financing country), ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnn] k|To]s 8f]h sf nflu US$ )=@),
;fy} ;'O{sf] cfk"lt{sf nflu / ;'O{ nufpg] lgoldt vr{sf lglDt ;x-nufgLstf{ (co-finance) ;/x lhDd]jf/ x'g'kg]{5 .
• vf]k sfo{s|dsf] cg'dflgt cfly{s ljj/0f cg'/f]w u/]df k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
![Page 4: g]kfndf 6fOkmfO8 - Take on Typhoid · Lewis MD, Serichantalergs O, Pitarangsi C, et al. Typhoid Fever: A massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal. Clinical](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051917/6008c05ce457d71b772e8ce4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
TyVAC Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium
CENTER FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT • OXFORD VACCINE GROUP • PATH
gofF 6fOkmfO8 sGh'u]6 vf]k (l6=l;=le) (TCV) n]:
• ahf/df pknAw cGo 6fOkmfO8 vf]ksf] t'ngfdf 6fOkmfO8
lj?4 nfdf] ;do ;Dd ;'/Iff lbg]
• c? vf]ksf] t'ngfdf yf]/} 8f]h rflxg]
• ^ dlxgf b]lvsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lbg ldNg]
• lgoldt vf]k tflnsfdf ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf] .
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• ef/t afof]6]s lnld6]8åf/f pTkflbt
• ^ dlxgf dflysf gjhft lzz', afnaflnsf / $% jif{ ;Ddsf
dflg;df k|of]u ug{ ldNg]] .
• )=% ld=ln= sf] Ps 8f]h nufPkl5 nfdf] ;do ;Dd ;'/Iff lbGf] ]
• vf]ksf] Pp6f efondf %8f]h x'Gf]
• tof/L cj:yfdf /x]sf] of] vf]k @ b]lv *°C df #^ dlxgf ;Dd
e08f/0f ug{ ldNg] .
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn]:
• 6fOkmfO8sf] af]em al9 ePsf / 6fOkmfO8df ;fdfGotf k|of]u x'g]
cf}iflw k|lt/f]lw 6fOkmfO8 al9 b]lvPsf b]Zfx?df of] vf]knfO{
k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5
• ( dlxgf jf @ jif{df nufOg] /fli6«o vf]k tflnsfsf cGo vf]k;Fu}
o; vf]knfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5
• !% jif{sf] pd]/ ;Ddsf afnaflnsfsf] nflu Sofrck vf]k cleofg
rnfpg k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5 .
• 6fOkmfO8sf] dfxfdf/L km}lnPsf] k'li6 ePdf ;f] vf]k nufpgnfO{
k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 .
l6=l;=le vf]ksf] a[xt k|of]un]]:
• PlG6afof]l6ssf]] k|of]udf sld cfpg]5 .
• PlG6afof]l6s k|lt/f]wfTds (drug resistance) ;d:ofnfO{
sd ug]{5 .
• 6fOkmfO8 /f]usf] af]em 36\g]5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] lhjg arfpF5 .