AsHRAM
AsVINS
BODHISATIA
BHAGVAD GITA
A.K.A. GITA
BRAHMA
BUDDHISM
Glossary
The home of a guru, usually in the forest, where he or she practices austerities and also instructs his or her disciples who form a familylike community Twin brother gods in the Rig veda Samhita. In post-Vedic texts they are symbols of male youth and beauty in pairs. Krishna and Arjuna and Rama and Lakshmana are frequently compared to
them. The Asvins are the fathers of the Pandava twins Nakula and Sahdeva, who are always together and are extolled for their exceptional beauty as well as their skills with horses and cows. An infinitely compassionate being who is dedicated to the attainment of perfect awakening for the benefit of not just him- or herself but of all sentient beings. A necessary step toward becoming a Buddha.
(literally, "Song of the Lord") In this part of the Mahabharata, (possibly interpolated later) when Arjuna hesitates to go to war against his kinsmen, Krishna instructs him on the nature of action, devotion, reality and the Self First of the Hindu trinity: Creator god. A religion that arose in India in the sixth century B.C. Although not named "Buddhism" any more than "Hinduism" was so named at that time, and similar to Hinduism in many of its doctrines, such as the doctrine of karma and of rebirth or transmigration, it developed into a separate religion with its own distinctive theory and practice, and spread to surrounding countries. It developed many different forms in India too but began to decline in the medieval period and practically disappeared from the Indian mainland by the end of the twelfth century A.D. when
monasteries and libraries in Bihar and Bengal were destroyed by Turkish invaders. Despite some violent conflict, especially with Shaivites and followers of Shankara, Buddhism, and Hinduism had coexisted, as is evidenced by monasteries, schools of philosophy, and the acceptance of Buddha by Vaishnavites as one of the incarnations of Vishnu. Organized around institutions such as
358 ~ Same-Sex Love in India
DHARMA
DUPATTA
FAQIR
GHAZAL JAIN
JAINISM
jATAKAS
KALIYUGA
KAMlz/KuRTA
KARMA
KATHA LITERATURE
KHAYAL
MAHABHARATA
monasteries, Buddhism was more vulnerable to attack than relatively more individualized Hindu ascetic practice. Often translated as "duty," "religion," or "righteousness," it can
connote "the law of one's being." Thus the dharma of wood is to
float on water. A person's being and dharma can be defined in various ways, according to social and familial position, caste and
community, and in relation to the universe, divinity and other
humans. Every creature is required to be true to its dharma which is also the way to fulfillment and liberation.
Veil worn by north Indian women over the head and/or breasts. Mendicant ascetic.
Persian/Urdu love poem.
Follower of Jainism. The Jains, who number about four million,
are based mainly in Gujarat and Rajasthan, in western India.
They are strict vegetarians. A religion founded by Mahavira in the sixth century B.C. It has a
continuous tradition in India. Its teachings, which emphasize non
violence toward all living beings, influenced Mahatma Gandhi.
Stories, in Pali, of the former lives of the Buddha, when he was
incarnated as different human and nonhuman creatures, all male. Many of these stories were based on pre-Buddhist folktales. The
jatakas were well known by the third century B.C. although they
were not compiled until the fifth century A.D.
The last and most degenerate age of the Hindu four ages. All recorded history occurs in the Kali Yuga. The cycle repeats itself when the Kali Yuga ends. Different types of shirts, worn by both sexes in north India. Literally, action. Refers also to patterns of action carried over from previous births, which influence the present life. It has to be exhausted for liberation to be possible.
Katha means "story." Katha literature consists of story cycles,
compiled in many languages, from oral sources or from earlier,
now-lost, texts. Examples of such compilations are the Kathasaritsagara, the Vetalpanchavimsati, the Panchatantra. Reflective song. Sanskrit epic attributed to Vyasa. Its dating is disputed; scholars
place it anywhere from the eighth century B.C. to the fifth century
A.D. The core story focuses on the war between two sets of cousins, the five Pandavas (Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula
and Sahdeva) and the hundred Kauravas. Arjuna, the greatest Pandava warrior, is aided by Krishna, a chief of the Yadava clan,
who is the incarnation of the preserver god Vishnu. The Pandavas
MARsIYA
MASNAVI
MEHFIL
MURID
MUSHAIRA
NAZM
PRASAD
PIR
QAWWALI
QAWWAL
RADHA
RAGAS
RAKSHASA
RAMAYANA
RAMCHARITMANAS
RAsA
Glossary ~ 359
are married to Draupadi, whose humiliation by the Kauravas is one of the chief reasons for the war, the other being the Kaurava
usurpation of the Pandava kingdom. Lament for the martyr Husain, the Prophet's grandson. Long narrative poem.
Gathering around a pir, more often devoted to mystical poetry
and music than to religious discourse. In later Urdu, it meant any gathering of musicians, poets, or dancers.
Sufi disciple.
Poets' gathering, where they recite their poetry aloud. Urdu verse.
Food distributed among devotees after being offered to the gods. In worship, this food, the leavings of the gods, is pure and is eaten
with devotion.
Sufi master.
Sufi devotional music.
One who sings qawwalis. Cowherd woman, beloved of Krishna but married to another
man. An incarnation of goddess Lakshmi.
Indian musical modes.
Demon.
Lit. the Rama Story. Sanskrit epic by Valmiki. Dating disputed;
scholars place it anywhere from the fifth century B.C. to fifth
century A.D. Tells the story of the just king Rama of Ayodhya, incarnation of the god Vishnu. Exiled for fourteen years by his
stepmother's fiat, he is accompanied into exile by his wife Sita, daughter of the Earth goddess, and brother Lakshmana. Sitas ab
duction by the demon king Ravana leads to a war between Rama and Ravana. Mter Sita is rescued, she is subjected to a fire ordeal to test her purity. Although she survives this ordeal, Rama abandons her later, when his subjects doubt her chastity. When he finally asks her to return, she chooses to sink into the earth instead. There are many medieval Ramayanas in different Indian
languages. This sixteenth-century Hindi retelling of the Rama story by poet
Tulsidas ends happily with Rama and Sita reigning in Ayodhya.
It is the most popular north Indian version today and was the
basis of a TV serial in the 1980s.
In ancient Indian poetics, nine types of aesthetic emotion ex
pressed in different combinations in any art work and evoked
in its recipient. Rasa theory is still used in Indian criticism
today.
360 ~ Same-Sex Love in India
RAsALEELA
RUBAI
SAKHI/SAKHA SALWAR
SANSKARAS
SHAIVA
SHAKTA
SHAKTI
SHIVA
SUFISM
TANTRA
TIKA
UPANISHADS
VAISHNAVA
VEDA
Mystical dance of Krishna with the cowherd women, in which each woman thinks he is dancing with her alone. Signifies the way god, although one, appears in many forms to devotees. Quatrain. Female friend/male friend. Loose trousers with drawstring, worn by both sexes in parts of north India. Like karma, patterns of action carried over from previous births, which influence the present life. They can be related to individual, caste or community. They have to be lived through and exhausted for liberation to be possible. Also refers to rites of passage such as marriage. Worshipers of Shiva. Worshipers of the female principle Shakti, in her embodiments as various goddesses such as Durga, Kali, and Saraswati. Power, gendered female, of which all goddesses are embodiments. The consorts of male gods are called their Shaktis. Third in the Hindu trinity, the destroyer god. Islamic Mysticism that developed into a major social movement in the early centuries ofIslam. Islam in India tends to be closer to Sufism than to Orthodox Islam. A development within Mahayana Buddhism, which spread widely in India from the fifrh century A.D. In the Hindu Shakta tradition, Tantrism, practiced by small groups of initiates, developed yogic, magical and sexual practices designed to lead to liberation. In both traditions, it emphasizes a structured heterosexual intercouse as a means of liberation. Mark on forehead; may be indicative of caste, community, religious or marital status. Philosophical texts that function as commentary on and explication of the vedas. Most of them were probably composed by 600 B.C., prior to the rise of Buddhism. There are eighteen major Upanishads. Worshipers of Vishnu, especially in his incarnations as Rama and Krishna. (from the root viti, knowledge) Sacred knowledge transmitted orally by a complex system of mnemonics and compiled later in four Samhitas or collections. Of these, the Rig veda Samhita is the oldest and most important, the other three being the Sama veda Samhita, the Yajur veda Samhita and the Atharva veda Samhita. The Rig veda Samhita is a collection of 1,028 hymns, composed approximately between 1500 and 1000 B.C.
Glossary ~ 361
VEDIC LITERATURE Written in early Sanskrit (different from the later epic and Puranie Sanskrit), this consists of the four Veda Samhitas and the
commentaries, explications, and philosophical speculations con
tained in the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads. VISHNU Second in the Hindu trinity, the preserver god.
Translators and Contributors
ADITYA BEHL is assistant professor of Hindi and Urdu, Department of South and South
east Asian Studies, University of California at Berkeley.
LAxMI CHANDRASHEKAR is reader in English at N. M. K. R. V. College for Women,
Bangalore.
SHOHINI GHOSH is reader in Video and TV Production at the Mass Communication
and Research Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Delhi.
SVATI JOSHI is reader in English at Miranda House College for Women, Delhi University.
SCOTT KUGLE is a research scholar at Duke University, Gradutate Program in Religion.
MURALEEDHARAN is lecturer in English Literature at St. Aloysius College, Elthuruth,
Kerala.
KANCHANA NATARAJAN is reader in Indian Philosophy at Daulat Ram College for
Women, Delhi University.
SHORMISHTHA PANJA is reader in the Department of English, Delhi University.
KUMKUM Roy is reader in Ancient Indian History in the Department of History, Delhi
University.
SUMANYU SATPATHY is reader in the Department of English, Delhi University.
Name and Place Index
Page numbers in bold indicate a particular focus on or extended discussion of the particu
lar author or text
Abru, Najmuddin Shah Mubarak, 108,
119-24, 161-68 Abu Bakr, Caliph, 110 Abu'l Fazl, 113
ABVA, AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan, 205-06,210,215
Agni, 15-16,28, 59
Agra, 184-85,218,275,278 Akbar, Emperor, 108, 112-13, 140, 144, 152,
154
Akhi, Jamshed Rajgiri, 136-39 Akhtar-ul-Imans, 199-200 Alauddin Khalji, Sultan, 108, 109, 113,
131-32,135,286 Alexander the Great, 78, 237 Ambai (c. S. Lakshmi), 212, 352-55 America, United States of, xiv, xx, xxiii, xxiv,
198,200,204,240,251,254,260,
216, 359 Amir Khusro, See Khusro, Amir
Andhra, See Dekkan
Andrews, Charles Freer, 254-55
Arabic, 40, 42, 55, 107, 110, 112-13, 115, 118, 157,218,221
Arabs, xxiii, 95, 11 0, 178, 249, 286
Aravan, 60, 209
Arberry. A. J., 114
Ardhanarishwara, 59 Arjuna, 3-7, 8, 9, 18,29,59,60,65,78,
90-93
Arthashastra, 24-25, 47, 94 Aruna, 13, 18
Arya Samaj, 196, 267 Aurangabad, 169, 175, 192
Aurangzeb, Emperor, 158, 159 Avadh, 184, 191-94 Ayodhya, 65, 100, 102, 359 See Avadh
Ayyappa, 18, 59,60,67, 94-99 Azad, Maulana Abu'l Kalam, 216
Babur, Emperor, 140-42,208,265
Bahadur Shah, Emperor, 176 Bahinabai, 62, 64
Bailey, T. Graham, 191, 192,221
Banaphool, Balaichand Mukhopadhyay, 199 Bankim, See Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra
Barani, Ziauddin, 109, 112, 131-35 Basheer, Vaikom Muhammad, 202 Bengal, xv, 56, 81, 103, 115, 155, 197,202,
221,233,336,357 Bengali, 100, 104, 199,204,233,336,340 Bhagiratha, xix, 60, 67, 100-02
BhagvadGit~ 3, 5-7, 56,237, 357 Bhagvata Purana, 4, 18, 69-71
Bhakti, 55-58,63-66, 127, 152, 157, 193
Bhattacharyya, N. N., 239-40
Bhishma, 3, 8-12,17,31-36 Bihar, xv, 46, 255, 357
Blavatsky, H. P., 15,208
Bomba~xcii,204, 209,210-14,251,278, 347
Bombay Dost, 209, 210 Boswell, John, xx, xxiii, 96, 108, 121 Brahma, 15,80,83-84,97,101,237,357
Brahmo Samaj, 229
366 ~ Index
British, xv, xxii, 42, 56, 119, 194-97, 198, 200, 247, 254, 265, 274, 327, 337 See
also England Brooten, Bernadette, xx, 96 Buddha, 19-20,22,37-39 Buddhism, xv, xviii, 2, 19-23, 35, 42, 63, 85,
96,98,254,357-60 Burton, Richard, 49, 198,236 Butler, Judith, 22 Byron, Lord George Gordon, 337, 338, 340
Calcutta, 210, 212, 214, 217, 229, 231, 246,
247,281,325,335,336,347 Canada, 205, 215 Carpenter, Edward, 196,265 Chaitanya, Shri 56, 65, 103--05, 200 Chandra, Vlkram, 213 Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, 196,203,
233-35 Charurvedi, Banarsidas, 247-49, 251 Chenoy, Shama Mitra, and Sheithar, Chander,
175-81 passim Christianity/Christians, xiv, xx, xxii, 27, 47,
56,59,61,98,111,196,197,237,
284,336 Chughtai, Ismat, 203, 213, 283-88 Clothey, Fred. w., 77 Communist Party of India, xxiii, 217 See
Marxist Corbin, Henri, 111, 115
da Cunha, Nisha, 212 Dan Detha, Vijay, 215, 318-24 Danielou, Alain, xv, 21, 46-53 passim Dara Shukoh, Prince, 111-12, 155, 158 Dargah Quli Khan, 108, 109, 113, 119,
175-83 Das, Gopabandhu, 200, 241-45 Das, Jagannath, 103-05 Das, Kamala, 203 Das, Kishori Charan, 203, 298-300 DasGupta, Swapan, 207 Dattani, Mahesh, 212 Dayanand, Swami, 196 de Beauvoir, Simone, 204
de Noronha, Leslie, 212 De, Shobha, 204 Dekkan, 118, 155, 158, 161, 175 Delhi, xix, 108, 109, 119, 120, 124, 126, 127,
134, 140, 152, 158, 161, 162, 173, 175-83,184,189,195,200,208-12 passim, 214, 217, 218, 221, 279, 281, 282,301,304,318,325,351
Deshpande, Nirmala, 203, 327-31 Dimock, Edward, 56, 65 Draupadi, 3, 4-5, 6, 13, 14,59,207,365,
359 Dullas, Inez, 213, 347-48 Dutt, Michael Madhusudan, 199,336-41
East India Company, 194 Ellis, Havelock, xx, 193,251,265 England, 195,294,328-29,337,339 See
British English, xvii, xviii, xix, xxiii, 40, 113, 146,
155,195,197,203,204,207-11, 212-13,215,221,233,236,241, 247-50,253,257,264,267,302, 311,316,325,328,332,336,342, 347,349,352
Europe, xx, xxi, xxii, 24, 40, 96,111,176, 194,196,210,236,249,260,261,354
Faderman, Lillian, xiv, xx Fernandez, Bina, 205 Firaq Gorakhpuri, Raghupati Sahay, 201,
264-66,274,277,279 Fire, xxiv, 207, 213-15, 217 Forster, Edward Morgan, 200, 202 Foucault, Michel, xx Freud, Sigmund, xx, 9, 207, 208, 238, 254
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 196,216, 241,251,253-56,264,358
Ganesha, 13,81-84,96 Ganga, goddess and river Ganges, 11,37,38,
79,82,100--02,136,148,268,272
Gangopadhyay, Sunil, 199,336-41 Gautam, Siddharth, 210 Gesudaraz, 117
Index ~ 367
Ghanimat, Muhammad Akram, 124, 159-60 Isherwood, Christopher, 62, 216, 230-32 Ghosh, Shohini, 211, 214 Islam, 27,55,57,58,108, 109-117 passim, Goldman, Robert P., 59, 90 131, 152, 157,249,360 See Muslims Gopabandhu Das See Das, Gopabandhu Goswami, Parimal, 199 Greece, xv, 249, 348 Greek, xx, 7, 11,32,40,78,221,347,349 Gujarat, xv, 131, 134, 156,209,358 Gujarati, 212, 294
Hafiz, 116,265 Hali, Altaf Hussain, 201 Halperin, David, xx Hanuman, 7,27, 57,65,69 Hardwar, 148 Harihara. See Ayyappa Hariharaputra. See Ayyappa. Hasan, Hakim Muhammad Yusuf, 260-63 Hashmi, Nurul Hasan, 119-23 Hebrew, xiv, 40, 110 Heer and Ranjha, 118, 152, 171 Hiltebeitel, Alf, 59, 60 Hindi, xix, 49,51,54,64,66,193,202,204,
209,211-14,221,236,246-51,267, 270,289,295,301,304,318,327,359
Hinduism/Hindus, xv, xviii, xxii, xxiv, 1,2,9, 12,18,22,23,27,41,53,55,56,58, 61,73,81-82,95-98,108,117,124, 127-28, 131, 137-38, 144, 146-48, 152, 157, 159, 178, 193, 196, 197, 200,213-16 passim, 233, 237, 250, 254,264,336,357-61
Hindvi, 118, 126-28, 161,218. Hoffman, Richard J., 59 Holi, 137, 147,277 Hussayn, Shah, 108, 118, 145-56, 171 See
Madho Lal Hussein, Waris, 213 Hyderabad, 171,349
Ibn Hambal, 111 Iia, 18,68 Indian Penal Code, 195,206,247 Indra, 3, 6, 13, 15, 16, 18,78, 100, 101 "Insha" Allah Khan, 193,220,221,227-28
Jagannath Das, See Das, Jagannath Jahangir, Emperor, 113, 143-44 Jainism, 2, 22, 24, 55, 157,358 Jama Masjid, 266, 297 Jamali and Kamali, 124-25 Jan Saheb, 192, 193,220 Janabai,62 Janaka,23 Jatakas, 20, 29, 37-38, 98 Jews/Judaism, 81, 157, 195,212,353 Jones, John Garrett, 20 JosephlYusuf, 118, 144, 170, 173, 174, 198,
349 Josh Malihabadi, Shabbir Hasan Khan,199,
201,264,274-82 Jur'at, Shaikh Qalandar Baksh, 221-25
Kabir, 65, 66 Kakar, Sudhir, 61, 198 Kaii, 60, 229, 360 Kamasutra, xv, xviii, xxi, 18,24-25,27,
46-53,197,236-40 Kamleshwar, 202 Kanga, Firdaus, 213 Kannada, 63, 97, 342 See also Dekkan Kartikeya, xvi, 13, 77-80, 82, 84, 96 Kashmir, xxii, 27, 63 Kathasaritsagara, xxi, 28-29, 67-68, 79,
85-89 Kaur, Ajeet, 205 Kerala, 97, 196,312 Khakhar,Bhupen,209,212,294-97 Khote, Chandrakant, 202 Khusro, Amir, 117-18, 126-30
Khusro Khan, 113, 133-35 Kinsey, Alfred c., 204, 205 Kishwar, Madhu, 214-15, 217 Kripal, John Jeffrey, 200 Krishna, 3-8, 29, 56, 60, 61-62, 65, 90-93,
103-04,121,137,152,170,216, 229,231,237,249,357-60
368 ~ Index
Krishnamurti, Jiddu, 215-16 Krittivasa, xix, 26, 61, 100-02,206 Kureishi, Hanif, 213
Lahore, 145, 147-55 passim, 259, 275, 283 Laila and Majnu, 108, 118, 160
Lakshmi,97, 113,359 Lakshmi, C. S., See Ambai
Lal Ded, 63, 157 Latin, 40, 221
Less than Gay, 205-06 Lucknow, 159, 184, 191-94,210,218,
220-21,270
Madhavacharya, 49-50, 197,236-40 Madho Lal, 118, 145-56, 171 See Hussayn,
Shah Madhya Pradesh, xv, 161,208
Madras, 77, 210, 337 See Tamil, Tamilnadu Mahabharata, xx, 3-14, 15-18,23,27,30,
31-36,60,68,78,82,90-91,94,95,
357,358 Mahadeviakka,63, 157 Mahmud of Ghaznah, 107, 112, 113, 118,
265-66 Majnu See Laila Mruay.Uam, 202, 203, 311 Mruik Kafur, 131-35 Manimekhruai, 20-22, 28 Manto, Saadat Hasan, 283 Manusmriti, xiv, 24-26, 47, 94 Marathi, 57, 202, 327, 332
Marlowe, Christopher, 153,344 Marxist, 56, 207, 239, 264 See Communist
Max Muller, 1
Mayo, Katherine, 197
Mazhar, Jan-i Janan, 122 Meerabai, 62, 63, 65
Mehta, Deepa, 215 Menen, Aubrey, 208
Menon, K P. S., 199 Merchant, Hoshang, 206, 216, 349-51 MirTaqi Mir, 108, 119-22, 178, 184-90,
201,247 Mishra, Amresh, 194
Mohini, 17, 18, 59-60, 69-71, 94
Mubarak Shah Khruji, Sultan, See Qutubuddin
Mughru, 108, 113, 140, 143, 152, 155, 158,
159, 173, 175, 184, 194 Muhammad ibn Tughlaq, Sultan, 131
Mujeeb, M., 107, 109, 117 Mukarram Baksh, Maulvi, 212
Murray, Stephen O. and Roscoe, Will, III Muslims, xviii, xxi, xxiii, 41, 48, 55-57,61,
78, 95, 98, 107-18 passim, 124, 127,
136-38, 145, 159-60, 171, 178, 196, 200-01,213,214,216,222,229,
248-50, 273, 276, 283, 286 See Islam
Mutribi Samarqandi, 143-44
Nadir Shah, 175 Nairn. C. M., 112, 119, 120, 124, 192 Namdev, 62, 63, 64, 66
Namjoshi, Suniti, 213
Nanda, Serena, 202
Nandakumar, V. T., 203, 311-17 Nandy, Ashis, 56, 194, 196
Narnda, 11, 18,26,32-33,65,90-91,97 Nasim, Iftikhar, 212 Nasiruddin Chiragh-i Dihli, 117 "Nazir" Wrui Muhammad Akbarnbadi, 193,
218-19 Nehru, Jawaharlru, 254, 259, 279 Nicholson, R A., 114, 116 Nirala, SuryakantTripathi, 199,246,250-51,
270-73 Nizamuddin Aulia, Shaykh, 117, 126-30 See
Khusro, Amir
O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger, 56, 58, 59-60,
81,94
Oldenberg, Veena Truwar, 192-93 Orissa, 103,215,241 Oriya, 103, 241-42, 298
Ovid, 32
Padma Purana, 90-93 Panchatantra, 7,40-45,358 Pandavas,4-6,8, 12, 14,60,358-59 Parivaraj, p., 212
Parvati, 13, 18,28, 59,60,69-71,72-75, 79-80,81-84,87,97
Paul, Diana, 22 Persian, xviii, xix, 107, 111-12, 115-18, 121,
126-28, 131, 136, 141, 143, 144-45, 155-56,157-58,159,160,169,175, 184,193,201,218,221,249,349
Petievich, Carla, 118, 192 Plato, xx, 112, 114,201,348 Pravartak, 82, 199,210 Premchand, Munshi, 250 Pritchett, Frances w., 121,201 Prophet Muhammad, 110, 111, 144, 177-79,
276,359 Punjab 118, 145, 152, 154, 155, 159, 161,
205,218,267,286,301 PuranM,4, 13, 18,26,53,55,58-61,69,72,
75,77,79,81-82,90-91,94,100, 247
Puranic, xvi, xviii, 1
Quran Sharief, 192, 194,204,246,255,300, 312,315
Qutubuddin, Sultan, 113, 131-35
Radha, 4, 65, 103-04, 117, 121,214 Raghavachariar, Srinivasa, 205, 216-17 Rahman, Tariq, xxiii, 119-24 passim, 174 Rajan, Chandra, 40, 43-45 Rajasthan/ Rajasthani, 17, 161,215,318,358 Rajatarangini, 27 Rama, Shri, 7, 12, 13,29,61,64-66,223,
229,237,249,336,357,359,361 Ramakrishna, Lajwanti, 155-56 Ramakrishna, Shri, 11,200,216,229-32 Ramanandis, 65 Ramayana, xix, 7, 12, 18,26,27,60-61,66,
100-02,206,223,336,359 RamcharitmanM, 64, 66, 249, 359 "Rangeen," Sa'adat Yar Khan, 220-21,
226-27 Rao, R. Raj, 212 Rasaleela, 91, 152,360 Rati, 86, 295 Ratti, Rakesh, 206 Ray, Bani, 204
Index ~ 369
Raymond, Janice, 10,96 Razia Sultana, 113 Rekhti, 191-94,206,213,220-28 Rig Veda, xx, 2, 3,14-17,357,360 Rizvi, S. A. A., 115, 136, 156 Row Kavi, Ashok, 209, 216 Roy, Arundhati, 213 Roy, Kumkum, 17,46,47,236
Rubin, Gayle, 59 Rushdie, Salman, 213
Sabarimalai, 94-99 passim Saghar Nizami, Samad Yar Khan, 199,
274-82 Sahajiyas, 65 Sangari, Kumkum and Chakravarti, Uma, 81 Sanskrit, xvi, xvii, xx, xxii, 1, 5, 12, 15,22,
31,40,53,55,60,66,69,72,77,81, 85,90,104,182,216,238,239-40, 241,260,267,336,340,344,358,
359, 361 Sant, 56, 63 Sapphist, xxi Sappho,195,204,265,347 Sarmad, 108, 157-58,216,265 Sastha. See Ayyappa Schimmel, Annemarie, Ill, 115-18 passim Schmitt, Arno and Sofer, Jehoeda, 111 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 59 Seth, Vikram, 45, 213, 325-26 Shadani, Andalib, 121,201,265 Shah Alam, Emperor, 173 Shah Hussayn, See Hussayn, Shah and Madho
Lal Shah Jahan, Emperor, 158 Shakespeare, William, 218, 247, 265-66,
340,342--46 ShaktalShakti, 55, 58,84,96,210, 360 Shakuntala Devi, 205, 216-17 Shariah, 11 0-11, 113, 131
Sher-Gil, Amrita, 199,257-59 Shilappadikaram, 20-22, 27-28 Shiv Sena, xxiv, 214, 216, 217 Shiva, xxii, 13, 14, 18,28,29,30,31,32,46,
58,59-60,65,69-71,73-76,77-84, 88, 94-98, 101, 360
370 ~ Index
Shiva Purana, 13, 69, 77-84 Shivaprakash, H.S., 342-46 Shri Chaitanya See Chaitanya, Shri Shri Ramakrishna. See Ramakrishna, Shri
Siddiqa Begum, 203 Siddique, Shobhana, 203, 304-10 Sikand, Yogi, 156 Sikhandin, 17-18,31-36 Siraj Aurangabadi, Sayyid Sirajuddin, 121-22,
169-72 Sita, 13,65,66,87, 192,214,237,288,359 Skanda. See Kartikeya. Skanda Purana, 72-76 Socrates, 237, 247, 265 Sodom/sodomy, xxi, 50, 110-11, 115, 122,
132,134,195,201,251 Sood, Kewal, 204, 301-03 Sufis/Sufism, 11, 63, 65, 107, 114-18, 124,
126-27, 136-38, 145, 151-52, 155-56, 159, 161, 169, 184-88,200, 214,229,275,359-60
Sukthankar, Ashwini, 206 Sundaram, Vivan, 258-59, 349-51 Surdas, 62, 65, 249 Sushruta Samhita, 24, 26, 100 Sweet, Michael, and Zwilling, Leonard, xxi,
24
Taban, Mir Abdul Hai, 119, 173-74 Tamil, xvi, 18, 19-22,60,63, 77, 212, 352 Tamilnadu, xv, 60, 209 See also Madras Tantra, 22, 65, 200, 229, 240, 360 Telugu, xxii, 60, 69 Tendulkar, Vijay, 204, 332-35 Thackeray, Bal, xxiv Thadani, Giti, 2, 16, 206 Tharu, Susie, and Lalitha K., 63, 203 Trikone, 210 Tukaram, Sant, 64, 66 Tulsidas, Goswami, 57, 62, 64-65, 66, 249 Turk! Turkish, 107, 108, 116, 118, 128, 131,
140,142,178,357
Ugra, Pandey Bechan Sharma, 200, 213, 246-52
Upanishads, xvi, 6,14,17,53,56,360 Urdu, xviii, xix, xxi, 51, 55,107,109,111,
116-19, 121, 123-24, 127, 136, 146, 155-56,161-62,169,173,184, 191-94,200-01,203,212-13,218, 220-21,246-50,260,264-65,
274-79 passim, 283, 349, 368-69 Uttar Pradesh, xv, 136, 246, 270
Vaishnava, 18,55,59,63,90-91, 105, 196, 216,229,360 See Vishnu
Vak,2-3,44 Valmiki, Sant, 27, 60, 66, 359 van der Veer, Peter, 57 Vedas, 1,6,6 14, 53, 56, 57, 58,73,74, 75,
91, 360 See also Rig Veda VediclVedantic, xv, xxii, 1,24,44,58,82,91,
229 Vetalpanchvimsati, 43, 68 Victoria, Queen, 194, 196 Vishnu, 13, 14, 17-18, 58-60, 63, 69-71,
80,90,94-98 passim, 101,357-61 Vitthal, Shri, 63-64 Vivekananda, Swami, 196, 230 Vyasa, 24, 25, 37,38, 72,154,593
Wadia, Riyadh, 212 Wali Dakkani, 118 Waliullah, Shah, 111, 116 Well of Loneliness, The, 201, 251, 265 Whitman, Walt, 265 Wilde, Oscar, 194,201-02, 195-96,216,
247, 343 Wittig, Monique, 22 Woolf, Leonard, 251 Woolf, Virginia, 202 Wright, W. and Rowson, Everett K., 112
Yadav, Rajendra, 204, 289-93 Yashodhara, 46-53 passim, 239 Yusuf See Joseph
Zafiruddin, Mufti, 111,201 Zaidi, Ali Jawad, 191-92,221 Zwilling, Leonard, See Sweet, Michael