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Green and Blue Water
Holger Hoff1,2, Dieter Gerten1 , Jens Heinke1
1:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
2: Stockholm Environment Institute & Resilience Centre
a model & data based analysis of
water scarcity, productivity (and trade)
with a focus on the CPWF basins
data model
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The LPJmL eco-hydrological & crop model
Photosynthesis
Carbon /
Water Balance
CO2 Temperature Precipitation Radiation
consistent simulation of water resources, plant water use and productivity
e.g. crop
production,
biofuels, carbon
sequestration
Crop yields
Surface flow
Interception
Transpiration
Subsurface flow
Water resources
Evaporation
.
biophysical processes at plant level
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consistent calculation of green & blue virtual water contents (crops and other ecosystem services) AND water availability
Irrigation….. figure von Stefanie
surface runoff
demand
subsurface runoff
irrigation interception
transpiration
evaporation
plant water supply
precipitation
The LPJmL eco-hydrological & crop model
conveyance losses industry
withdrawals
return flows
livestock
household
lakes reservoirs
evaporation
landscape level
partitioning into green & blue
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The LPJmL eco-hydrological & crop model reservoirs
Biemans et al 2011
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current blue water availability per capita
m3 cap-1 yr-1
adding green water (evapotranspiration from cropland)
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current green & blue water availability per capita
m3 cap-1 yr-1
potential for expanding cropland ?
discussion: country-wise aggregation of water for food
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kcal m-3
current crop water productivity (kcal m-3)
water productivity -> weighted water availability
Sri Lanka 2129 kcal m-3
India 1648 Bangladesh 2697 Pakistan 1218
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agricultural water productivity
kcal cap-1 day-1
maximum calorie production (kcal cap-1)
for current water availability & productivity
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.
current green & blue water availability per capita
CPWF basins
Ganges Indus Limpopo Mekong Niger Nile Sao Francisco Volta Yellow
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Ganges Indus Limpopo Mekong Niger Nile Sao
Francisco
Volta Yellow
blue water
green water
m3 c
ap
-1 y
ear-
1
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Ganges Indus Limpopo Mekong Niger Nile Sao
Francisco
Volta Yellow
kc
al m
-3
.
factor 4
discussion: potential for closing the yield gap ?
.
current crop water productivity (kcal m-3)
CPWF basins
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3000 a tipping point?
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Gan
ges
Indus
Limpopo
Mek
ong
Nig
erNile
Sao
Fra
ncisco
Volta
Yel
low
kc
al c
ap
-1 d
ay
-1
.
maximum crop production (kcal cap-1)
for current water availability & productivity
CPWF basins
30 year averages
3000
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3000 a tipping point?
inter-annual variability of green & blue water availability
.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Ganges Indus Limpopo Mekong Niger Nile Sao
Francisco
Volta Yellow
CP blue
LPJ blue
CP green
LPJ green
CPWF basins
LPJmL vs CPWF data (1951-2000)
Co
V
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using 10th percentile instead of mean green & blue water availability . .
factoring in variability
CPWF basins
3000 a tipping point?
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Gan
ges
Indus
Limpopo
Mek
ong
Nig
erNile
Sao
Fra
ncisco
Volta
Yel
low
kcal cap
-1 d
ay-1
3000
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.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Gan
ges
Indus
Limpopo
Mek
ong
Nig
erNile
Sao
Fra
ncisco
Volta
Yel
low
3000
kc
al c
ap
-1 d
ay
-1
the future (2050)
CPWF basins
discussion: 1) future crop water productivity (incl. CO2 effect)?
. 2) how much of the additional pressure is due to climate change?
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0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Ganges
Indus
Limpopo
Mekong
Niger
Nile
Sao Francisco
Volta
Yellow
future water demand
population change only – relative to year 2000
discussion: future populations and diets ?
.
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0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Ganges
Indus
Limpopo
Mekong
Niger
Nile
Sao Francisco
Volta
Yellow
climate change only – relative to year 2000
– 30 year averages, not accounting for changing variability, monsoon etc .
future (blue) water availability
.
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.
next steps: simulating impacts of variability,
e.g. monsoon changes
Bondeau pers comm
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.
next steps: simulating land use change effects
via “moisture recycling”
Indus „precipitationshed“
Nikoli et al
.
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Sao F
rancis
co
Volta
Nig
er
Nile
Lim
popo
Indus
Ganges
Mekong
Yellow
internal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
internal
terrestrial
internally generated precipitation
basin precipitation originating from terrestrial ET
Nikoli et al
%
.
next steps: simulating land use change effects
via “moisture recycling” (external driver)
LPJmL simulations of ET changes with land use change
.
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%
.
next steps: (“real”) water footprints
of food production (and trade)
plus other ecosystem services
e.g. carbon sequestration
.
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Cyprus
LPJ-based crop virtual water contents
plus ComTrade data
-> virtual water im- / exports
consistent with water availability (“footprints”)
.
Sri Lanka 100m3 cap-1 net import India 5m3 cap-1 net export Bangladesh 30 m3 cap-1 net import Pakistan 2 m3 cap-1 net export
discussion: what happens under increasing future water scarcity?
see MENA example
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
water-limited potential kcal production per capita & day
VW
im
po
rts
(m
**3
) p
er c
ap
ita
&
ye
ar
Cyprus
LPJ-based crop virtual water contents
plus ComTrade data
-> virtual water im- / exports
consistent with water availability (“footprints”)
correlations of per capita
net VW imports and
- blue water availability: - 0.51
- blue plus green water avail: - 0.64
- water-limited potential
kcal production: - 0.79 - 0.79
.
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1) Effects of international trade on local water resources
a) in water scarce (MENA) countries
.
m3 c
ap
-1 y
r-1