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Group Work
1. Should nuclear power capacity be increased or reduced? Why?
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Announcements
• Get 3 scraps paper per person in addition to whiteboard and marker
• Standards retakes 23-30 today 11–mn
• Last Exam 3 today–6 PM tomorrow
• Final (makeups) Tuesday 10:15–12:15
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Nuclear Implications and Applications
Chapter 34
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Nuclear Power
Source: Jim Zimmerlin, http://www.zimfamilycockers.com/DiabloCanyon.html
Diablo Canyon Power Plant, California
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Nuclear Power
• Nuclear fission reactions release heat (kinetic energy of products)
• Heat boils water, powers turbine to generate electricity
• No greenhouse gas production
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Fission Chain Reaction
Source: Griffith
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Criticality
• Reaction self-sustaining if each fission on average induces another
• Critical mass depends on geometry, moderation, reflection, many other factors
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Poll Question
Which shape of fission fuel will be the most likely to reach criticality?
A. A sphere.
B. A plate.
C. A long, thin cylinder.
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Fissile Nuclei
• Required for reactors and bombs
• Fission started by absorption of thermal neutrons
• Only fissile nuclei are U-233, U-235, and Pu-239
• U-235 is less than 1% of natural uranium (rest is U-238)
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Plutonium Breeding
Source: Griffith
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Breeder Reactors
• Transmute U-238 to Pu-239 or Th-232 to U-233
• Increase amount of usable fuel
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Nuclear Waste
Source: Savannah River Site
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Nuclear Fuel Cycle
• Fission chain reaction produces fission products and neutron capture products
• Certain fission products absorb neutrons
• Fuel becomes unusable after ~1% burnup
• Must be reprocessed or discarded
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Poll Question
The amount of nuclear waste generated would be reduced if
A. spent fuel were reprocessed and reused.
B. all reactors were shut down.
C. reactors with higher “burn-up” were used.
D. any of these.
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Spent Fuel Hazards
Source: Cohen, B. L. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1977, 49, 1–20.
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Reprocessing
• Recover U, Pu from spent fuel
• Discard fission product waste
• Possibility of U, Pu diversion
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Advanced Reactor Designs
• Passive cooling systems
• Melt-proof fuel pellets
• Higher-burnup design
• On-site fast reprocessing
• Fast neutron fission of non-fissile nuclei
• Accelerator-based systems
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Group Work
2. What should be done with nuclear waste?
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Stellar Fusion
NASA photograph, Skylab, 10 December 1973
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Think Question
What sort of nucleus releases energy by fusion?
A. Nuclei lighter than iron.
B. Nuclei about as heavy as iron.
C. Nuclei heavier than iron.
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Fusion in the Sun
Source: Seeds, Horizons: Exploring the Universe
Net reaction: 4 p+ 4He + 2 e+ + 2 + 2
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Fusion in Hotter Stars
Source: Seeds, Horizons: Exploring the Universe
Net reaction: 4 p+ 4He + 2 e+ + 2 + 3
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Fusion Life of Massive Stars
• Massive star’s hot core fuses atoms to ever-higher masses
• Greater nuclear charges require higher temperatures, pressures
• Less energy per nucleon from fusing massive nuclei
• Fusion energy exhausted at iron
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Fusion Death by Supernova
• Iron core does not produce energy to resist gravitational collapse of star
• High temperature and pressure in shock wave creates more massive nuclei
• Some products scattered by explosion
All Fe, Cu, W, I, Ag, Au, Pb, U, etc. were released by supernovas!
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Nuclear Weapons
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Fission Weapons
Grable 15-kT yield artillery shell, Nevada Test Site, 25 May 1953.
U.S. Department of Energy photo.
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Gun Device (“Little Boy”)
Source: Griffith
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Implosion Device (“Fat Man”)
Source: Griffith
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Fusion Weapons
Dakota 1.1 MT shot, Enewetak, 25 June 1956. U.S Department of Energy photo.
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Fusion in Weapons
• Require high temperatures to bring nuclei together (thermonuclear)
• Heated by fission bomb “pit”
2H + 3H 4He + n
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Thermonuclear Device