Download - Guanabara bay and the climate change
GUANABARA BAY AND
THE CLIMATE CHANGE
Aspásia Camargo
The environmental-
political map:
The South Atlantic Ocean and Guanabara Bay
• Guanabara bay is the 2nd
largest bay in brazil.
• It’s a brazilian and rio dejaneiro’s landscape andenvironmental icon.
• It’s a highly polluted hydricbody , due to the lack ofsewage and solid wastetreatment
• The bay is part of the southatlantic ocean- critical sealevel elevation zone.
Critical point in the heart of the Metropolitan Area- 12million residents;
IPCC’S inventory: forecast of sea level elevation by 60cm (23.5 inches), with an increase of 2 ºC (3.6 ºF) until2100;
(INPE-IPP): high vulnerabilty in the lower areas -Baixada Fluminense - Duque de Caxias
URGENT NEED OF AN ADAPTATION PLAN
Social and environmental vulnerabilities of
the Coastal Area:
Guanabara Bay and its influence over the
Metropolitan Region
7 municipalities/cities on its
shores: Rio de Janeiro, Duque
de Caxias, Magé, Guapimirim e
Itaboraí, São Gonçalo e Niterói;
6 more municipalities in the
contributing drainage basins
area: Nova Iguaçu; Belford-
Roxo, Petrópolis, Rio Bonito;
Teresópolis; Cachoeira de
Macacu;
16 municipalities in the
Metropolitan Region, with a
population of 12 million
residents.
Physiologic and hydrological aspects
Total area: 380 km; perimeter 131 km;
3 MILLION M3
Depth: 3m at the bottom of the bay- Duque de Caxias; 8,3 mat Rio-Niterói Bridge; 17 m at the Barra Access Channel;
Home to more than 80 islands;
Nice calm water beaches and fine sands;
Hydrographical area composed by 5 drainage basins(29 subbasins);
An estuary formed by 45 rivers and channels;
The hydrographical basin sustains
Guanabara bay
The bay’s regeneration and
climate change:
governance for the sustainable development
To protect the municipalities population around the bay (carlos nobre
from IPCC and instituto pereira passos).
The same study shows that another critical area is the baixada
fluminense, subject to floods from the contributing drainage basins.
Guanabara bay depollution and regeneration plan includes the
drainage basins and its contributing rivers.
In the reverse direction, the water loss from guanabara bay and its
contributing rivers raises the area’s temperature, evaporation and
droughts. We have lost 10 rivers. The aggradation and deforestation
processes are in fast course.
A bay in agony
10 rivers disappeared! Many landfills decreased the bay’s total
area.
83 km2 of mangroves, but only 15 km2 are preserved. Less than
20%! Source: Nema/UERJ
In the 1980s, about 500 dolphins used to live in the bay.
Nowadays, there are only 40 remaining!
From the 40 beaches in the bay, 37 of them presented a water
quality considered “poor” or “very poor”".
Guanabara Bay lost its value as a source of leisure and quality of
life.
The mangroves map
Source: Nema/UERJ
The mangroves and the coastal
area protection
The mangroves are great “carbon kidnappers”,
proportionally larger - in terms of surface area - than the
Amazon rainforest ( Source: professor Mário Luiz Gomes
Soares - Núcleo de Estudos de Manguezais, UERJ);
Natural nursery for many species, mangroves are
vulnerable to rising sea levels;
At Guanabara Bay, the most threatened areas are: Ilha do
Governador, Fundão, Jequiá, Duque de Caxias, Reduc
and the rivers Suruí and Iriri.
Threatened Fauna and Flora
Garça branca grande – Ardea albaBiguá – Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Peixe espada- Trichiurus lepturus
Affected and endangered species
Socozinho – Butorides striataSaracura – Aramides saracura
Guaxinim – Procyon cancryvorus Frango d`água – Gallinula chloropus
Guiana dolphin
(Sotalia guianensis)
Obs: the Guiana Dolphin is in
Rio de Janeiro’s state flag.
The bay in agony:
sewage,
aggradation and
garbage
Accumulation of garbage
and sewage
Accumulation of sewage
Causes of aggradation
The deforestation of rivers' riparian forests and
Guanabara Bay’s surroundings.
Pollution of the bay
due to oil activity
Garbage, the bay’s, health’s and environment’s enemy,
and responsible for more than 10% of GHG emissions.
The sport of sailing among garbage Floating objects
Deforestation and climate change
Source: SOS Mata Atlântica
The bay and the
metropolitan area
The challenge of
governance: cooperation
Floating solid waste
Sewage launch
Industrial pollution
Lack of sanitationthe main enemy
The State of Rio de Janeiro treats a little more than 1/3 of
all the sewage being produced.
Each second, 14 thousand liters of sewage IN NATURA are
dumped untreated into Guanabara Bay.
P.S. % of sewage treatment refers to collection
ETES built... but
unused!* ETES= sewage treatment plants
RIO 92’S LEGACY
Guanabara Bay’s depollution program
(PDBG)
Greatest work of the State of Rio de Janeiro in 20
years - six consecutive governments
1994 –2005- initial budget of US$ 793 million ( 1,7
billion reais) and the actual budget was revised to
US$ 1,17 billion ( 2,5 billion reais) - 48% more
Budget participation: BID - Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento - US$ 350 mi
JIBIC (Banco De Cooperaçao Japonesa) - US$ 287,9 mi
Governo Do Estado/Cedae - US$531,4 mi
PDBG’s Goals
SanitationSewage and water-supply postponed from 2000 to 2008 andnothing done yet;
Gradually recover the Bay’s water quality and the rivers thatflow into it;
Macrodrainage - US$ 11 milllion;
Solid waste- US$ 13 milion – 87% of the budget alreadyspent;
Environmental programs - institutional strengthening;
Help restore ecosystems present in the surroundings ofGuanabara Bay through an environmental educationprogram of $ 18 million;
Digital mapping;
Treat 47% of the daily sewage dumped into GuanabaraBay until 1999.
The Bad PracticesHow To Explain This Failure?
Lack of planning, objectives and institutional capacity to undertakeworks;
Mistaken goals- it wasn’t a depollution program. It was a poorlyplanned sanitation program- which summed up to disjointed works.
Goals of depolluting 47% of the bay not achieved. Only 14% was depolluted.
Failures and delays on the financial execution of projects; Half of thecounterpart was worn in interest and penalties
Losses of US$ 259,8 million for interest payments, with $ 218 million back intoBID’s safes- the late fees. TOTAL LOSS for BID: $ 568 million;
Disjointed and incongruous works- Sewage treatment plants (ETEs) with noconnection to networks and driftwood’s collectors;
Lack of continuity. The program was officially extended seven times – andremain still unfinished.
ETEs SituationThe ETEs opened without full operation:
ETE Alegria: works with 60% load, designed to receive
5,000 l / s. It accomplishes secondary treatment.
ETE São Gonçalo: Built in 1998 and even now still
doesn’t receive sewage, due to lack of collecting
networks that connects to the system. Projected to
receive 1.500l/s. It only accomplishes primary
treatment.
ETE Pavuna: Projected to receive 1.500 l /s. Its current
treatment capacity is 200 l/s. It accomplishes
secondary treatment.
The new depollution program
PSAM- Programa de Saneamento Ambiental dos
Municípios do Entorno da Baía de GuanabaraEnvironmental Sanitation Program of Municipalities Surrounding Guanabara Bay
NEW PHASE- (2012- 2016)
PSAM is also financed with BID resources amounting to US$
451,98 million;
US$ 330,00 from the State of Rio de Janeiro;
For the first time, it’s being scheduled an Integrated action
with the surrounding municipalities
PSAM And Its Goals
Sanitize 80% of Guanabara Bay until 2016 - fulfilling one of
the commitments made to the International Olympic
Committee (IOC) to carry the Olympic Games of Rio de
Janeiro.
Total investment: R$ 1,5 billion until 2016
BID - US$ 452 million
State of Rio de Janeiro- R$ 330 million
PSAM main interventions
1 - Works and equipment for collection and treatment ofsewage: interceptors, collectors, pumping stations andcollection networks in municipalities in the area covered bythe program.
2 - Operational Improvement and Institutional Strengthening
to support CEDAE for the adequacy to the parametersrequired by the Law of Sanitation (LSB) certification of itsenvironmental management processes, developing strategiesfor the utilization of sludge from sewage treatment plants(ETEs), and plans to reduce water losses;
support to improve the regulation of sanitation services in theState of Rio de Janeiro and;
Support to the Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), tooptimize its ability to manage projects and water qualitymonitoring in Guanabara Bay
3 - Sustainability of Municipal Public Policies forSanitation, in the financing of actions to support
municipalities in the area covered by the
Program, in the preparation of Municipal and
Regional Plans of Sanitation (orientation of Law
11.445 / 2007) and modernization of its fiscal
management, in the increase of the capacity to
raise funds aimed at developing investment
projects in the sanitation sector.
Impacts And Potential
The good Practices
Governance for Guanabara Bay (PSAM)
Governor’s and secretaries leadership- the integrated cross vision of thesustainable development to accelerate depollution;
The strategic planning ( with executive and basic projects); and theintegration to the government’s policies;
Creation of a metropolitan agency that promotes:
Goals and information system monitored regularly to reduce pollution and promote the regeneration;
Partnerships with the municipalities and metropolitan cities in the surroundings of the bay - and the federal government;
Participatory process with emphasis to the scientific community, the corporate sector, the specialized technicians and civilian leaders and organizations -volunteering;
A consistent policy of sanitation, collecting and recycling of solid waste;
A regulatory agency, that produces information for the sustentainabledevelopment of the bay
Institutional sustainability
Governance and Sustainable development
Apply the principle of transversality, promoting integration of
economic, social and environmental dimensions, to revert the
negative expectations over the bay.
Economical use of urban space and surroundings that with the
cleaning and sanitation, would bring considerable gains in
tourism, real estate valuation of land and reduction of health care
costs;
Socio-environmental investment with sanitation - around 27.7
billion dollars in ten years, would bring economic benefits and
return 60.2 billion dollars in 30 years;
In a decade the economic returns outweigh the social costs of
universalization.
The social dimension of sustainable
development
The biggest social challenge to clean up the bay is a land
use policy that discourages the illegal occupation around
the margins of rivers and the bay, and a policy of urban
mobility (housing and transportation) that facilitates the
occupation and urban circulation - compatible with
environmental preservation.
Encourage green and sustainable cities in the Metropolitan
Region of Rio de Janeiro, with better distribution of its
population.
Environmental Governance and the
OLYMPIC PROMISE
The goal is to clean up 80% of the waters of the bay until the2016 Olympics with an estimated R$ 354 million budget.
The governance consists of three basic principles:
1 - Treat a specific area in a systematic and exhaustive wayfor visible and controllable environmental results. As PSAMhas been doing, but we can also do that in Botafogo Bayand the entrance to the bay.
2 - Treat the water bodies in its unity and ecological integrityaround a basin, so that the results of depollution areperennial. You need to reverse historical trends. And theecosystems need to be protected in its complex integrity.
3 - You need to consider and act on externalities - economic
and social
Besides the action of PSAM in the Baixada municipalities and
East of the Bay, the Olympic priority should be cleaning up
the entrance to Guanabara Bay - where the Olympic sailing
competitions will be held.
Currently, Botafogo Bay is a highly polluting source in
sanitation, with three rivers - the Banana Podre, the Berquó
and the Carioca bringing sewage, which are not collected
nor treated from three communities: Santa Marta (5,000
people) the Tabajaras e Cabritos (3500) and the Community
of Benjamin Constant (460).
Niterói is reducing pollution - across the Bay. Rio de Janeiro
can do the same until 2016.
Attributes to be retrieved
The landscape and
the environment
The landscape and the
environment