Download - Handbook of Smart Cities
Handbook of Smart Cities
Juan Carlos AugustoEditor
Handbook of Smart Cities
With 370 Figures and 91 Tables
EditorJuan Carlos AugustoDepartment of Computer ScienceMiddlesex UniversityLondon, UK
ISBN 978-3-030-69697-9 ISBN 978-3-030-69698-6 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-030-69699-3 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69698-6
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“To Celeste and Axel, with the hope they livein a better world”
London, December 2020
Preface
Our planet is transitioning through an exciting new phase in its rich evolutionaryprocess. We humans have inhabited this place in the universe for some time and areamong the most sophisticated living entities in existence, at least for now. Acombination of powerful inner forces, some innate positive motivations, combinedwith some practical needs are fostering this new quest from humanity to upgradethese urban spaces called cities.
Cities come in different sizes and each one is significantly different to each other.All are big and complex conglomerates of humans. However, each one has adifferent history, inhabited by a different mix of people, with different needs, witha different mix of available resources, existing under different governments thatshape in some way or another which aspirations and actions are fostered ordiscouraged.
Throw to the picture described above an increasingly sophisticated mix oftechnological tools. Cities have obtained in the last half century unprecedentedaccess to information, knowledge, and connectivity. Technological diversity andits potential impact on society have been growing steadily. It is true many techno-logical products and current areas of exploration are prematurely presented as moresophisticated that what they really are. Still, technological progress is continuouslymoving forward in an undulating manner. From time to time some area of explora-tion comes to a momentary halt, the vast majority makes their way to market andevolution, like fridges, TV sets, phones, cars, and planes did in the past. Step by step,model by model, year by year, getting gradually and permanently accepted bysociety and incorporated in our lives.
Cities create a supra entity out of the synergies of those humans so intimatelysharing space, time, and resources. This Major References Works project on SmartCities considers from various fundamental perspectives this growing phenomenon atthis stage of our civilization where technology is consciously considered at such alevel that can be used to bring benefits at a massive scale. Although technology isone of the main enablers, we should keep in mind it is after all only a collection oftools to support human existence. The five broad frameworks we selected tostructure this publication are Humans and Institutions as main recipients, Technol-ogy as enabler, and Energy and Data as fundamental resources.
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The project provides a forum for leading experts in this area to discuss funda-mental concepts and applications, how the infrastructure both enables and addsdependability, how current services can be improved and new ones conceived,what are the current affordances and what needs to be developed, what do weknow well, and what else we need to investigate deeper if we want to make progress.
Diversity is an important part of this project and as such this forum is open to allbecause we understand everyone is a stakeholder. We encourage citizens from allregions of the planet, from diverse professions, cultural backgrounds, ages, genders,and any other significant dimension of society, to provide their views, expectations,needs, and preferences as, after all, this technology will only be considered aprogress if it helps us humans to better experience life.
This is a complex enterprise, one for which is difficult, to pinpoint a beginningand an end; as with most things in this world, this concept also flows, will grow inwaves, and morph with other aspects of life on this planet as it progressively embedsin our civilization. This intends to be one of the first major organized landmarks inthis important theme and we hope it contributes to a mature reflection on the subjectand into a healthy use of technology for all.
London, UK Juan Carlos AugustoDecember 2020
viii Preface
Contents
Volume 1
Part I Basic Concepts and Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Peggy James, Ross Astoria, Theresa Castor, Christopher Hudspeth,Denise Olstinske, and John Ward
2 Smart Cities Can Be More Humane and Sustainable Too . . . . . . . 35Eduardo M. Costa
3 Smart Energy Frameworks for Smart Cities: The Need forPolycentrism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Joseph Nyangon
4 Urban Computing: The Technological Framework forSmart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Mélanie Bouroche and Ivana Dusparic
5 Smart Cities Data: Framework, Applications, and Challenges . . . 113Muhammad Bilal, Raja Sher Afgun Usmani, Muhammad Tayyab,Abdullahi Akibu Mahmoud, Reem Mohamed Abdalla,Mohsen Marjani, Thulasyammal Ramiah Pillai, andIbrahim Abaker Targio Hashem
6 Smart Institutions: Concept, Index, and FrameworkConditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Hans Wiesmeth, Dennis Häckl, and Christopher Schrey
Part II Current Exemplary Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7 Smart City Edmonton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Katie Hayes, Soumya Ghosh, Wendy Gnenz, Janice Annett, andMary Beth Bryne
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8 From Invention City to Innovation City: The Case of RacineWisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Peggy James and William Martin
9 Urban Innovation Ecosystem and Humane and SustainableSmart City: A Balanced Approach in Curitiba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Luiz Márcio Spinosa and Eduardo M. Costa
10 Holistic, Multifaceted, and Citizen-Centric Smart TaipeiStrategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Chen-Yu Lee and Taipei Smart City Project Mangement Office(TPMO)
11 Smart City Transformation for Mid-Sized Cities: Case ofCanakkale, Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Berrin Benli, Melih Gezer, and Ezgi Karakas
12 Stockholm: Smart City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Gustaf Landahl
13 Smart City Wien: A Sustainable Future Starts Now . . . . . . . . . . . 313Thomas Madreiter, Angela Djuric, Nikolaus Summer, andFlorian Woller
14 NEOM Smart City: The City of Future (The Urban Oasisin Saudi Desert) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Somayya Madakam and Pragya Bhawsar
15 Tehran in the Path of Transition to a Smart City: Initiatives,Implementation, and Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Kiarash Fartash, Amirhadi Azizi, and Mohammadsadegh KhayatianYazdi
16 Rebranding Umhlanga as an Intelligent City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391C. Erwee, L. Chipungu, and H. Magidimisha-Chipungu
17 Bandung Smart City: The Digital Revolution for a SustainableFuture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Dody Arfiansyah and Hoon Han
Part III Human Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
18 Social Inclusion in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Víctor Manuel Padrón Nápoles, Diego Gachet Páez, José Luis EstebanPenelas, Olalla García Pérez, Fernando Martín de Pablos, andRafael Muñoz Gil
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19 Malaysia Smart City Framework: A Trusted Framework forShaping Smart Malaysian Citizenship? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515Seng Boon Lim, Jalaluddin Abdul Malek, Mohd Yusof Hussain, andZurinah Tahir
20 Making Smart Cities “Smarter” Through ICT-Enabled CitizenCoproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539A. Paula Rodriguez Müller
Part IV Energy Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
21 Smart Cities and the Challenge of Cities’ Energy Autonomy . . . . 563Vassiliki Meleti and Vasiliki Delitheou
22 Energy Harvesting in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Zheng Jun Chew, Yang Kuang, Tingwen Ruan, and Meiling Zhu
23 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Smart Cities: Political Economyand Strategic Mitigation Alliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Ross Astoria
Part V Technology Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
24 Technology: Person Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653Igor Bezukladnikov, Anton Kamenskih, Aleksander Tur,Andrey Kokoulin, and Aleksander Yuzhakov
25 User Interfaces in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687Torin Hopkins, S. Sandra Bae, Julia Uhr, Clement Zheng, Amy Banić,and Ellen Yi-Luen Do
26 Vehicular Network Systems in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721Edna Iliana Tamariz-Flores and Richard Torrealba-Meléndez
27 How Technology Makes a Difference: Digital, Agile, andDesign Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751Muni Prabaharan
28 Building Smart City Solutions with Focus on Health Careand GDPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779Emirhan Enler, Istvan Pentek, and Attila Adamko
29 Smart Mobility Ontology: Current Trends and FutureDirections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803Ali Yazdizadeh and Bilal Farooq
Contents xi
Volume 2
Part VI Data Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
30 Towards Autonomous Knowledge Creation from Big Data inSmart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841Sławomir Nowaczyk, Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson, Yuantao Fan, andEce Calikus
31 Interoperability Effect in Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875José Delgado
32 Data Protection and Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903Goran Vojković and Tihomir Katulić
33 Multitier Intelligent Computing and Storage for IoTSensor Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929Osamah Ibrahiem Abdullaziz, Mahmoud M. Abouzeid, andMohamed Faizal Abdul Rahman
34 Deep Learning for LiDAR-Based Autonomous Vehicles inSmart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957Vinay Ponnaganti, Melody Moh, and Teng-Sheng Moh
Part VII Institutions Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
35 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Governments,Institutions, Businesses, and the Public Within a Smart CityContext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983Andrew D. Roberts
36 Social Emergence, Cornerstone of Smart City Governance asa Complex Citizen-Centric System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009Claude Rochet and Amine Belemlih
37 Exploiting Big Data for Smart Government: Facing theChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035Sunil Choenni, Niels Netten, Mortaza S. Bargh, andSusan van den Braak
Part VIII Smart Cities Infrastructure Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059
38 Feeding a Smart City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061Jonathan Lodge
39 IoT and Blockchain-Based Smart Agri-food Supply Chains . . . . . 1109Lehan Hou, Ruizhi Liao, and Qiqi Luo
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40 A Primer on Smart Contracts and Blockchains forSmart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131Srini Bhagavan, Praveen Rao, and Laurent Njilla
41 Technology-Led Disruptions and Innovations: The TrendsTransforming Urban Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163Hussein Dia, Saeed Bagloee, and Hadi Ghaderi
42 Advances on Urban Mobility Using Innovative Data-DrivenModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199Marcelo O. Rosa, Keiko V. O. Fonseca, Nádia P. Kozievitch,Anderson A. De-Bona, Jeferson L. Curzel, Luciano U. Pando,Olga M. Prestes, and Ricardo Lüders
43 Towards Interoperability of Data Platforms for Smart Cities . . . . 1237Matthias Buchinger, Peter Kuhn, and Dian Balta
44 Future Urban Smartness: Connectivity Zones with DisposableIdentities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259Rob van Kranenburg, Loretta Anania, Gaëlle Le Gars, Marta Arniani,Delfina Fantini van Ditmar, Mantalena Kaili, and Petros Kavassalis
45 Problem-Driven and Technology-Enabled Solutions for SaferCommunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289Johan Barthelemy, Mehrdad Amirghasemi, Bilal Arshad, Cormac Fay,Hugh Forehead, Nathanael Hutchison, Umair Iqbal, Yan Li, Yan Qian,and Pascal Perez
46 Crowdsourcing for Smart Cities That Realizes the Situation ofCities and Information Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317Kenro Aihara and Hajime Imura
47 Layer-Based Reference Model for Smart City Implementation . . . 1359Patrick-Benjamin Bök and Ute Paukstadt
Part IX Ethical Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385
48 “Eyes and Ears”: Surveillance in the Indian Smart City . . . . . . . . 1387Uttara Purandare and Khaliq Parkar
49 Reclaiming the Smart City: Toward a New Right to the City . . . . 1419Maša Galič and Marc Schuilenburg
50 Application of the General Data Protection Regulation forSocial Robots in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1437Gizem Gültekin-Várkonyi, Attila Kertész, and Szilvia Váradi
Contents xiii
Part X Bottle Necks and Potential Enablers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463
51 Optimization Problems Under Uncertainty in Smart Cities . . . . . . 1465Edoardo Fadda, Lohic Fotio Tiotsop, Daniele Manerba, andRoberto Tadei
52 Information Technology Macro Trends Impacts on Cities:Guidelines for Urban Planners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1493Keiko V. O. Fonseca, Nádia P. Kozievitch, Rita C. G. Berardi, andOscar R. M. Schmeiske
53 Advanced Visualization of Neighborhood Carbon MetricsUsing Virtual Reality: Improving Stakeholder Engagement . . . . . 1517A. Houlihan Wiberg, Sondre Løvhaug, Mikael Mathisen,Benedikt Tschoerner, Eirik Resch, Marius Erdt, andEkaterina Prasolova-Førland
54 Smart City Needs a Smart Urban-Rural Interface:An Overview on Romanian Urban Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . 1551Ioan Ianoş, Andreea-Loreta Cercleux, Radu-Matei Cocheci,Cristian Tălângă, Florentina-Cristina Merciu, andCosmina-Andreea Manea
55 Journeys in the Age of Smart Cities: Some Fresh Perspectives . . . 1571V. Callaghan, J. Chin, F. Doctor, T. Kymäläinen, A. Peña-Rios,C. Phengdy, A. Reyes-Munoz, A. Tisan, M. Wang,H. Y. Wu, V. Zamudio, S. Zhang, and P. Zheng
56 Openness: A Key Factor for Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611Simge Özdal Oktay, Sergio Trilles Oliver, Albert Acedo,Fernando Benitez-Paez, Shivam Gupta, and Christian Kray
57 The Importance of Creative Practices in Designing More-Than-Human Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643Annika Wolff, Anne Pässilä, Antti Knutas, Teija Vainio, Joni Lautala,and Lasse Kantola
58 Influence of Smart Cities Sustainability on Citizen’sQuality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1665Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar
Part XI Closing Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1691
59 Smart Cities: State of the Art and Future Challenges . . . . . . . . . . 1693Juan Carlos Augusto
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703
xiv Contents
About the Editor
Dr. Juan Carlos Augusto is professor of computerscience at Middlesex University London, and head ofthe Research Group on Development of IntelligentEnvironments and of Smart Spaces Lab, which wonthe first prize at the 2019 edition of Machine IntelligenceCompetition that took place at the British ComputerSociety Headquarters.
With a technical background in artificial intelligence,software engineering, and human–computer interfaces,his research interest lies in design and implementation ofsensing systems that provide a practical benefit tohumans. The application domain he most often exploredhas been ambient-assisted living, smart education, andsmart cities. His interests intersect with several com-puter science areas, for example, ambient intelligenceuser-centered computing, context awareness, Internet ofThings, and ubiquitous computing.
Dr. Augusto has contributed to the research communitywith more than 260 publications, including severalco-edited books on various types of smart systems. He hasgiven more than a dozen invited talks and tutorials at inter-national workshops and conferences and has also chairednumerous technical events. Dr. Augusto has been appointedco-editor-in-chief of the Journal on Ambient Intelligenceand Smart Environments (IOS Press) and the Journal onReliable Intelligent Environments (Springer), and he is theeditorial board member of other international journals.
He has led several UK-/EU-funded quadruple helixin style-innovation projects. He has advised severalinternational funding bodies, including being externalreferee and monitoring expert for the EuropeanCommission.
xv
Contributors
Reem Mohamed Abdalla School of Hospitality and Tourism, Taylor’s University,Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Jalaluddin Abdul Malek School of Social, Development and EnvironmentalStudies, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohamed Faizal Abdul Rahman International College of Semiconductor Tech-nology, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, China
Osamah Ibrahiem Abdullaziz Department of Electrical Engineering and Com-puter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, China
Mahmoud M. Abouzeid Department of Electrical Engineering and ComputerScience, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, China
Albert Acedo ITI/LARSyS, Instituto Superior Tcnico (IST), Universidade de Lis-boa, Lisbon, Portugal
Attila Adamko Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen,Debrecen, Hungary
Kenro Aihara Digital Content and Media Sciences Research Division, NationalInstitute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan
Mehrdad Amirghasemi SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollon-gong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Loretta Anania European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
Janice Annett Open City and Technology, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB,Canada
Dody Arfiansyah School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales,Sydney, NSW, Australia
Marta Arniani Futuribile, Nice/Milan, Italy
Bilal Arshad SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollon-gong, NSW, Australia
xvii
Ross Astoria Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI,USA
Juan Carlos Augusto Department of Computer Science, Middlesex University,London, UK
Amirhadi Azizi Institute for Science and Technology Studies, Shahid BeheshtiUniversity, Tehran, Iran
S. Sandra Bae University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Saeed Bagloee Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, SwinburneUniversity of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Dian Balta fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany
Amy Banić University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
Mortaza S. Bargh Research and Documentation Centre, Ministry of Justice andSecurity, The Hague, The Netherlands
Research Center Creating 010, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotter-dam, The Netherlands
Johan Barthelemy SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Amine Belemlih Paris Dauphine PSL University, Paris, France
EM Lyon Casablanca Campus, Casablanca, Morocco
Transilience Institute for Territory Resilience and Transformation, Casablanca,Morocco
Fernando Benitez-Paez Institute of New Imaging Technologies (INIT),Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
Berrin Benli Novusens Smart City Institute, Kale Group, Turkish InformaticsFoundation, Canakkale, Turkey
Rita C. G. Berardi Department of Informatics, Federal University of Technology,Curitiba, PR, Brazil
Igor Bezukladnikov Department of Automation and Remote Control, PermNational Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
Srini Bhagavan University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
Pragya Bhawsar Strategic Management, Indian Institute of Management, Sirmaur,India
Muhammad Bilal School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor’s Univer-sity, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Patrick-Benjamin Bök HSPV NRW, Münster, Germany
xviii Contributors
Mélanie Bouroche School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College,Dublin, Ireland
Mary Beth Bryne Open City and Technology, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB,Canada
Matthias Buchinger fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany
Ece Calikus Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research, Halmstad Univer-sity, Halmstad, Sweden
V. Callaghan School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Universityof Essex, Colchester, UK
The Business School, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
Theresa Castor Communication, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI,USA
Andreea-Loreta Cercleux Department of Human and Economic Geography, Fac-ulty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Zheng Jun Chew University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
J. Chin School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
L. Chipungu University of KwaZulu-Natal, SOBEDS, Durban, South Africa
Sunil Choenni Research and Documentation Centre, Ministry of Justice and Secu-rity, The Hague, The Netherlands
Research Center Creating 010, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotter-dam, The Netherlands
Radu-Matei Cocheci Department of Urban Planning and Territorial Development,“Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urban Planning, Bucharest, Romania
Eduardo M. Costa LabCHIS – Humane Smart City Lab, Federal University ofSanta Catarina (BR), Florianópolis, Brazil
Knowledge Engineering and Management Dept., Federal University of SantaCatarina (BR), Florianópolis, Brazil
Jeferson L. Curzel Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Joinville, Brazil
Anderson A. De-Bona Centro Universitário Dinâmica das Cataratas (UDC), Fozdo Iguacu, Brazil
José Delgado Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Vasiliki Delitheou Department of Economics and Regional Development, PanteionUniversity of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
Hussein Dia Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne Uni-versity of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Contributors xix
Angela Djuric Smart City Agency, UIV Urban Innovation Vienna GmbH, Wien,Austria
Ellen Yi-Luen Do University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
F. Doctor School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University ofEssex, Colchester, UK
Ivana Dusparic School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College, Dub-lin, Ireland
Emirhan Enler Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen,Debrecen, Hungary
Marius Erdt Fraunhofer Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singa-pore, Singapore
C. Erwee University of KwaZulu-Natal, SOBEDS, Durban, South Africa
José Luis Esteban Penelas Universidad Europea de Madrid (Diseño, Arquitecturay Construcciones Civiles), Madrid, Spain
Edoardo Fadda Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico diTorino, Torino, Italy
Yuantao Fan Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research, Halmstad Univer-sity, Halmstad, Sweden
Bilal Farooq Laboratory of Innovations in Transportation (LiTrans), Ryerson Uni-versity, Toronto, ON, Canada
Kiarash Fartash Institute for Science and Technology Studies, Shahid BeheshtiUniversity, Tehran, Iran
Cormac Fay SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollon-gong, NSW, Australia
Keiko V. O. Fonseca Department of Informatics, Federal University of Technol-ogy, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
Hugh Forehead SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wol-longong, NSW, Australia
Lohic Fotio Tiotsop Department of Control and Computer Engineering,Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
Diego Gachet Páez Universidad Europea de Madrid (Ciencias y Tecnología de laInformación y las Comunicaciones), Madrid, Spain
Maša Galič Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, VU UniversityAmsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Olalla García Pérez Universidad Europea de Madrid (Ingeniería Industrial yAeroespacial), Madrid, Spain
xx Contributors
Gaëlle Le Gars Brussels, Belgium
Melih Gezer Novusens Smart City Institute, Kale Group, Turkish InformaticsFoundation, Canakkale, Turkey
Hadi Ghaderi Department of Business Technology and Entrepreneurship, Swin-burne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Soumya Ghosh Open City and Technology, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB,Canada
Wendy Gnenz Open City and Technology, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB,Canada
Gizem Gültekin-Várkonyi Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University ofSzeged, Szeged, Hungary
Shivam Gupta Bonn Alliance for Sustainability Research/Innovation CampusBonn (ICB), Bonn, Germany
Dennis Häckl WIG2 GmbH, Wissenschaftliches Institut für Gesundheitsökonomieund Gesundheitssystemforschung, Leipzig, Germany
Hoon Han School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia
Katie Hayes Open City and Technology, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB,Canada
Torin Hopkins University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Lehan Hou School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shenzhen, China
A. Houlihan Wiberg The Research Centre for Zero Emission Neighbourhoods inSmart Cities (ZEN), Department of Architecture and Technology, Norwegian Uni-versity of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
The Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University,Belfast, UK
Christopher Hudspeth Philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha,WI, USA
Mohd Yusof Hussain School of Social, Development and Environmental Studies,Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Bangi,Selangor, Malaysia
Nathanael Hutchison SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Ioan Ianoş Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research on Territorial Dynam-ics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Contributors xxi
Hajime Imura Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, TheUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Umair Iqbal SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollon-gong, NSW, Australia
Peggy James Political Science, College of Social Sciences and Professional Stud-ies, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI, USA
Mantalena Kaili European Law Observatory on New Technologies-ELONTech,Athens, Greece
Anton Kamenskih Department of Automation and Remote Control, Perm NationalResearch Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
Lasse Kantola Theatrum Olga, Diakonia College of Finland, Lahti, Finland
Ezgi Karakas Novusens Smart City Institute, Kale Group, Turkish InformaticsFoundation, Canakkale, Turkey
Tihomir Katulić Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Petros Kavassalis University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece
Attila Kertész Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Szeged, Sze-ged, Hungary
Mohammadsadegh Khayatian Yazdi Institute for Science and Technology Stud-ies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Antti Knutas LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland
Andrey Kokoulin Department of Automation and Remote Control, Perm NationalResearch Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
Nádia P. Kozievitch Department of Informatics, Federal University of Technology,Curitiba, PR, Brazil
Rob van Kranenburg IoT Council, Resonance Design BV, Gent, Belgium
Christian Kray Institute for Geoinformatics (ifgi), University of Münster,Münster, Germany
Yang Kuang University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Peter Kuhn fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany
T. Kymäläinen VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tampere, Finland
Gustaf Landahl Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm,Stockholm, Sweden
Joni Lautala Theatrum Olga, Diakonia College of Finland, Lahti, Finland
Chen-Yu Lee Taipei, Taiwan
xxii Contributors
Yan Li SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong,NSW, Australia
Ruizhi Liao School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University ofHong Kong, Shenzhen, China
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of IoT Intelligent Systems and Wireless Network Tech-nology, Shenzhen, China
Jonathan Lodge City Farm Systems Ltd, Slough, UK
Sondre Løvhaug Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Tech-nology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technol-ogy, Trondheim, Norway
Ricardo Lüders Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba,Brazil
Qiqi Luo School of Management and Economics, The Chinese University of HongKong, Shenzhen, China
Somayya Madakam Information Technology, FORE School of Management,New Delhi, India
Thomas Madreiter Executive Group for Construction and Technology, City ofVienna, Vienna, Austria
H. Magidimisha-Chipungu University of KwaZulu-Natal, SOBEDS, Durban,South Africa
Abdullahi Akibu Mahmoud School of Computer Science and Engineering,Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Cosmina-Andreea Manea “Simion Mehedinti – Nature and Sustainable Develop-ment” Doctoral School, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Bucharest,Romania
Daniele Manerba Department of Information Engineering, Università degli Studidi Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Mohsen Marjani School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor’s Univer-sity, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
William Martin City of Racine, Racine, WI, USA
Fernando Martín de Pablos Universidad Europea de Madrid (Ciencias yTecnología de la Información y las Comunicaciones), Madrid, Spain
Mikael Mathisen Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Tech-nology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technol-ogy, Trondheim, Norway
Contributors xxiii
Vassiliki Meleti Department of Economics and Regional Development, PanteionUniversity of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
Florentina-Cristina Merciu Department of Human and Economic Geography,Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Melody Moh Department of Computer Science, San Jose State University, SanJose, CA, USA
Teng-Sheng Moh San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
Rafael Muñoz Gil Universidad Europea de Madrid (Ciencias y Tecnología de laInformación y las Comunicaciones), Madrid, Spain
Niels Netten Research and Documentation Centre, Ministry of Justice and Security,The Hague, The Netherlands
Research Center Creating 010, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotter-dam, The Netherlands
Laurent Njilla Air Force Research Lab, Rome, NY, USA
Sławomir Nowaczyk Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research, HalmstadUniversity, Halmstad, Sweden
Joseph Nyangon Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (CEEP), Universityof Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
Sergio Trilles Oliver Institute of New Imaging Technologies (INIT), UniversitatJaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
Denise Olstinske Applied Professional Studies, University of Wisconsin-Parkside,Kenosha, WI, USA
Simge Özdal Oktay Institute for Geoinformatics (ifgi), University of Münster,Münster, Germany
Víctor Manuel Padrón Nápoles Universidad Europea de Madrid (IngenieríaIndustrial y Aeroespacial), Madrid, Spain
Luciano U. Pando Instituto Federal do Paraná (IFPR), Campo Largo, Brazil
Khaliq Parkar CESSMA, University of Paris, Paris, France
Anne Pässilä LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland
Ute Paukstadt HSPV NRW, Münster, Germany
A. Peña-Rios BT Research Labs, Adastral Park, Ipswich, UK
Istvan Pentek Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen,Debrecen, Hungary
Pascal Perez SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollon-gong, NSW, Australia
xxiv Contributors
C. Phengdy Learning Design and Technology, San Diego State University, SanDiego, CA, USA
Thulasyammal Ramiah Pillai School of Computer Science and Engineering,Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Vinay Ponnaganti San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
Muni Prabaharan Chennai, India
Ekaterina Prasolova-Førland Department of Education and Lifelong Learning,Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
OlgaM. Prestes Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba (IPPUC),Curitiba, Brazil
Uttara Purandare IITB-Monash Research Academy, Mumbai, India
Yan Qian SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong,NSW, Australia
Praveen Rao University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research,Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
Eirik Resch The Research Centre for Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in SmartCities (ZEN), Department of Architecture and Technology, Norwegian Universityof Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
A. Reyes-Munoz Telecommunications and Aerospace Engineering, UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Andrew D. Roberts School of Business and Law, Central Queensland University,Melbourne, Australia
Claude Rochet Paris Dauphine PSL University, Paris, France
Fondation Robert de Sorbon, Institut Franco Allemand d’Etudes Européennes, Paris,France
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar Department of Accounting and Finance, Uni-versity of Granada, Granada, Spain
A. Paula Rodriguez Müller Public Governance Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven,Belgium
Marcelo O. Rosa Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba,Brazil
Tingwen Ruan University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Oscar R. M. Schmeiske Department of Informatics, Federal University of Tech-nology, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
Contributors xxv
Christopher Schrey WIG2 GmbH, Wissenschaftliches Institut für Gesundheit-sökonomie und Gesundheitssystemforschung, Leipzig, Germany
Marc Schuilenburg Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, VU Univer-sity Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Seng Boon Lim School of Social, Development and Environmental Studies, Fac-ulty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Bangi,Selangor, Malaysia
Luiz Márcio Spinosa LabCHIS / Federal University of Santa Catarina (BR), TripleHelix Association (IT), Curitiba, Brazil
LabCHIS – Humane Smart City Lab, Federal University of Santa Catarina (BR),Florianópolis, Brazil
Nikolaus Summer Smart City Agency, UIV Urban Innovation Vienna GmbH,Wien, Austria
Roberto Tadei Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico diTorino, Torino, Italy
Zurinah Tahir School of Social, Development and Environmental Studies, Facultyof Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Bangi,Selangor, Malaysia
Taipei Smart City Project Mangement Office (TPMO) Taipei, Taiwan
Cristian Tălângă Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research on TerritorialDynamics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Edna Iliana Tamariz-Flores Faculty of Computer Sciences, Autonomous Univer-sity of Puebla, Puebla, México
Ibrahim Abaker Targio Hashem Future Technology Research Center, NationalYunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Taiwan
Muhammad Tayyab School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor’s Uni-versity, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
A. Tisan Department of Electronic Engineering, Royal Holloway, University ofLondon, Surrey, UK
Richard Torrealba-Meléndez Faculty of Electronics Sciences, Autonomous Uni-versity of Puebla, Puebla, México
Benedikt Tschoerner Fraunhofer Singapore, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore, Singapore
Aleksander Tur Department of Automation and Remote Control, Perm NationalResearch Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
Julia Uhr University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
xxvi Contributors
Raja Sher Afgun Usmani School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor’sUniversity, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Teija Vainio Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
Susan van den Braak Research and Documentation Centre, Ministry of Justiceand Security, The Hague, The Netherlands
Delfina Fantini van Ditmar Royal College of Art, London, UK
Szilvia Váradi Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Szeged,Szeged, Hungary
Goran Vojković Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb,Zagreb, Croatia
M. Wang Learning Design and Technology, San Diego State University, SanDiego, CA, USA
John Ward Geography/GIS, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI,USA
Hans Wiesmeth Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural FederalUniversity, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Faculty of Business and Economics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Annika Wolff LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland
Florian Woller Smart City Agency, UIV Urban Innovation Vienna GmbH, Wien,Austria
H. Y. Wu National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
Ali Yazdizadeh Laboratory of Innovations in Transportation (LiTrans), RyersonUniversity, Toronto, ON, Canada
Aleksander Yuzhakov Department of Automation and Remote Control, PermNational Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
V. Zamudio Division of Graduate Studies and Research, TecNM / InstitutoTecnológico de León, León, México
S. Zhang Department of Computer Science, Shijiazhuang University, Shijia-zhuang, PR China
P. Zheng The Business School, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury,UK
Clement Zheng National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Meiling Zhu University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Contributors xxvii