Handbook of Smart Cities

Juan Carlos AugustoEditor

Handbook of Smart Cities

With 370 Figures and 91 Tables

EditorJuan Carlos AugustoDepartment of Computer ScienceMiddlesex UniversityLondon, UK

ISBN 978-3-030-69697-9 ISBN 978-3-030-69698-6 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-030-69699-3 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69698-6

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“To Celeste and Axel, with the hope they livein a better world”

London, December 2020

Preface

Our planet is transitioning through an exciting new phase in its rich evolutionaryprocess. We humans have inhabited this place in the universe for some time and areamong the most sophisticated living entities in existence, at least for now. Acombination of powerful inner forces, some innate positive motivations, combinedwith some practical needs are fostering this new quest from humanity to upgradethese urban spaces called cities.

Cities come in different sizes and each one is significantly different to each other.All are big and complex conglomerates of humans. However, each one has adifferent history, inhabited by a different mix of people, with different needs, witha different mix of available resources, existing under different governments thatshape in some way or another which aspirations and actions are fostered ordiscouraged.

Throw to the picture described above an increasingly sophisticated mix oftechnological tools. Cities have obtained in the last half century unprecedentedaccess to information, knowledge, and connectivity. Technological diversity andits potential impact on society have been growing steadily. It is true many techno-logical products and current areas of exploration are prematurely presented as moresophisticated that what they really are. Still, technological progress is continuouslymoving forward in an undulating manner. From time to time some area of explora-tion comes to a momentary halt, the vast majority makes their way to market andevolution, like fridges, TV sets, phones, cars, and planes did in the past. Step by step,model by model, year by year, getting gradually and permanently accepted bysociety and incorporated in our lives.

Cities create a supra entity out of the synergies of those humans so intimatelysharing space, time, and resources. This Major References Works project on SmartCities considers from various fundamental perspectives this growing phenomenon atthis stage of our civilization where technology is consciously considered at such alevel that can be used to bring benefits at a massive scale. Although technology isone of the main enablers, we should keep in mind it is after all only a collection oftools to support human existence. The five broad frameworks we selected tostructure this publication are Humans and Institutions as main recipients, Technol-ogy as enabler, and Energy and Data as fundamental resources.

vii

The project provides a forum for leading experts in this area to discuss funda-mental concepts and applications, how the infrastructure both enables and addsdependability, how current services can be improved and new ones conceived,what are the current affordances and what needs to be developed, what do weknow well, and what else we need to investigate deeper if we want to make progress.

Diversity is an important part of this project and as such this forum is open to allbecause we understand everyone is a stakeholder. We encourage citizens from allregions of the planet, from diverse professions, cultural backgrounds, ages, genders,and any other significant dimension of society, to provide their views, expectations,needs, and preferences as, after all, this technology will only be considered aprogress if it helps us humans to better experience life.

This is a complex enterprise, one for which is difficult, to pinpoint a beginningand an end; as with most things in this world, this concept also flows, will grow inwaves, and morph with other aspects of life on this planet as it progressively embedsin our civilization. This intends to be one of the first major organized landmarks inthis important theme and we hope it contributes to a mature reflection on the subjectand into a healthy use of technology for all.

London, UK Juan Carlos AugustoDecember 2020

viii Preface

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Basic Concepts and Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Peggy James, Ross Astoria, Theresa Castor, Christopher Hudspeth,Denise Olstinske, and John Ward

2 Smart Cities Can Be More Humane and Sustainable Too . . . . . . . 35Eduardo M. Costa

3 Smart Energy Frameworks for Smart Cities: The Need forPolycentrism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Joseph Nyangon

4 Urban Computing: The Technological Framework forSmart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Mélanie Bouroche and Ivana Dusparic

5 Smart Cities Data: Framework, Applications, and Challenges . . . 113Muhammad Bilal, Raja Sher Afgun Usmani, Muhammad Tayyab,Abdullahi Akibu Mahmoud, Reem Mohamed Abdalla,Mohsen Marjani, Thulasyammal Ramiah Pillai, andIbrahim Abaker Targio Hashem

6 Smart Institutions: Concept, Index, and FrameworkConditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Hans Wiesmeth, Dennis Häckl, and Christopher Schrey

Part II Current Exemplary Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

7 Smart City Edmonton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Katie Hayes, Soumya Ghosh, Wendy Gnenz, Janice Annett, andMary Beth Bryne

ix

8 From Invention City to Innovation City: The Case of RacineWisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Peggy James and William Martin

9 Urban Innovation Ecosystem and Humane and SustainableSmart City: A Balanced Approach in Curitiba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Luiz Márcio Spinosa and Eduardo M. Costa

10 Holistic, Multifaceted, and Citizen-Centric Smart TaipeiStrategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Chen-Yu Lee and Taipei Smart City Project Mangement Office(TPMO)

11 Smart City Transformation for Mid-Sized Cities: Case ofCanakkale, Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Berrin Benli, Melih Gezer, and Ezgi Karakas

12 Stockholm: Smart City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Gustaf Landahl

13 Smart City Wien: A Sustainable Future Starts Now . . . . . . . . . . . 313Thomas Madreiter, Angela Djuric, Nikolaus Summer, andFlorian Woller

14 NEOM Smart City: The City of Future (The Urban Oasisin Saudi Desert) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Somayya Madakam and Pragya Bhawsar

15 Tehran in the Path of Transition to a Smart City: Initiatives,Implementation, and Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Kiarash Fartash, Amirhadi Azizi, and Mohammadsadegh KhayatianYazdi

16 Rebranding Umhlanga as an Intelligent City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391C. Erwee, L. Chipungu, and H. Magidimisha-Chipungu

17 Bandung Smart City: The Digital Revolution for a SustainableFuture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Dody Arfiansyah and Hoon Han

Part III Human Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

18 Social Inclusion in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Víctor Manuel Padrón Nápoles, Diego Gachet Páez, José Luis EstebanPenelas, Olalla García Pérez, Fernando Martín de Pablos, andRafael Muñoz Gil

x Contents

19 Malaysia Smart City Framework: A Trusted Framework forShaping Smart Malaysian Citizenship? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515Seng Boon Lim, Jalaluddin Abdul Malek, Mohd Yusof Hussain, andZurinah Tahir

20 Making Smart Cities “Smarter” Through ICT-Enabled CitizenCoproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539A. Paula Rodriguez Müller

Part IV Energy Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

21 Smart Cities and the Challenge of Cities’ Energy Autonomy . . . . 563Vassiliki Meleti and Vasiliki Delitheou

22 Energy Harvesting in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Zheng Jun Chew, Yang Kuang, Tingwen Ruan, and Meiling Zhu

23 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Smart Cities: Political Economyand Strategic Mitigation Alliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Ross Astoria

Part V Technology Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

24 Technology: Person Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653Igor Bezukladnikov, Anton Kamenskih, Aleksander Tur,Andrey Kokoulin, and Aleksander Yuzhakov

25 User Interfaces in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687Torin Hopkins, S. Sandra Bae, Julia Uhr, Clement Zheng, Amy Banić,and Ellen Yi-Luen Do

26 Vehicular Network Systems in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721Edna Iliana Tamariz-Flores and Richard Torrealba-Meléndez

27 How Technology Makes a Difference: Digital, Agile, andDesign Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751Muni Prabaharan

28 Building Smart City Solutions with Focus on Health Careand GDPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779Emirhan Enler, Istvan Pentek, and Attila Adamko

29 Smart Mobility Ontology: Current Trends and FutureDirections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803Ali Yazdizadeh and Bilal Farooq

Contents xi

Volume 2

Part VI Data Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

30 Towards Autonomous Knowledge Creation from Big Data inSmart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841Sławomir Nowaczyk, Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson, Yuantao Fan, andEce Calikus

31 Interoperability Effect in Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875José Delgado

32 Data Protection and Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903Goran Vojković and Tihomir Katulić

33 Multitier Intelligent Computing and Storage for IoTSensor Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929Osamah Ibrahiem Abdullaziz, Mahmoud M. Abouzeid, andMohamed Faizal Abdul Rahman

34 Deep Learning for LiDAR-Based Autonomous Vehicles inSmart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957Vinay Ponnaganti, Melody Moh, and Teng-Sheng Moh

Part VII Institutions Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981

35 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Governments,Institutions, Businesses, and the Public Within a Smart CityContext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983Andrew D. Roberts

36 Social Emergence, Cornerstone of Smart City Governance asa Complex Citizen-Centric System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009Claude Rochet and Amine Belemlih

37 Exploiting Big Data for Smart Government: Facing theChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035Sunil Choenni, Niels Netten, Mortaza S. Bargh, andSusan van den Braak

Part VIII Smart Cities Infrastructure Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059

38 Feeding a Smart City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061Jonathan Lodge

39 IoT and Blockchain-Based Smart Agri-food Supply Chains . . . . . 1109Lehan Hou, Ruizhi Liao, and Qiqi Luo

xii Contents

40 A Primer on Smart Contracts and Blockchains forSmart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131Srini Bhagavan, Praveen Rao, and Laurent Njilla

41 Technology-Led Disruptions and Innovations: The TrendsTransforming Urban Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163Hussein Dia, Saeed Bagloee, and Hadi Ghaderi

42 Advances on Urban Mobility Using Innovative Data-DrivenModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199Marcelo O. Rosa, Keiko V. O. Fonseca, Nádia P. Kozievitch,Anderson A. De-Bona, Jeferson L. Curzel, Luciano U. Pando,Olga M. Prestes, and Ricardo Lüders

43 Towards Interoperability of Data Platforms for Smart Cities . . . . 1237Matthias Buchinger, Peter Kuhn, and Dian Balta

44 Future Urban Smartness: Connectivity Zones with DisposableIdentities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259Rob van Kranenburg, Loretta Anania, Gaëlle Le Gars, Marta Arniani,Delfina Fantini van Ditmar, Mantalena Kaili, and Petros Kavassalis

45 Problem-Driven and Technology-Enabled Solutions for SaferCommunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289Johan Barthelemy, Mehrdad Amirghasemi, Bilal Arshad, Cormac Fay,Hugh Forehead, Nathanael Hutchison, Umair Iqbal, Yan Li, Yan Qian,and Pascal Perez

46 Crowdsourcing for Smart Cities That Realizes the Situation ofCities and Information Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317Kenro Aihara and Hajime Imura

47 Layer-Based Reference Model for Smart City Implementation . . . 1359Patrick-Benjamin Bök and Ute Paukstadt

Part IX Ethical Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385

48 “Eyes and Ears”: Surveillance in the Indian Smart City . . . . . . . . 1387Uttara Purandare and Khaliq Parkar

49 Reclaiming the Smart City: Toward a New Right to the City . . . . 1419Maša Galič and Marc Schuilenburg

50 Application of the General Data Protection Regulation forSocial Robots in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1437Gizem Gültekin-Várkonyi, Attila Kertész, and Szilvia Váradi

Contents xiii

Part X Bottle Necks and Potential Enablers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463

51 Optimization Problems Under Uncertainty in Smart Cities . . . . . . 1465Edoardo Fadda, Lohic Fotio Tiotsop, Daniele Manerba, andRoberto Tadei

52 Information Technology Macro Trends Impacts on Cities:Guidelines for Urban Planners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1493Keiko V. O. Fonseca, Nádia P. Kozievitch, Rita C. G. Berardi, andOscar R. M. Schmeiske

53 Advanced Visualization of Neighborhood Carbon MetricsUsing Virtual Reality: Improving Stakeholder Engagement . . . . . 1517A. Houlihan Wiberg, Sondre Løvhaug, Mikael Mathisen,Benedikt Tschoerner, Eirik Resch, Marius Erdt, andEkaterina Prasolova-Førland

54 Smart City Needs a Smart Urban-Rural Interface:An Overview on Romanian Urban Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . 1551Ioan Ianoş, Andreea-Loreta Cercleux, Radu-Matei Cocheci,Cristian Tălângă, Florentina-Cristina Merciu, andCosmina-Andreea Manea

55 Journeys in the Age of Smart Cities: Some Fresh Perspectives . . . 1571V. Callaghan, J. Chin, F. Doctor, T. Kymäläinen, A. Peña-Rios,C. Phengdy, A. Reyes-Munoz, A. Tisan, M. Wang,H. Y. Wu, V. Zamudio, S. Zhang, and P. Zheng

56 Openness: A Key Factor for Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611Simge Özdal Oktay, Sergio Trilles Oliver, Albert Acedo,Fernando Benitez-Paez, Shivam Gupta, and Christian Kray

57 The Importance of Creative Practices in Designing More-Than-Human Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643Annika Wolff, Anne Pässilä, Antti Knutas, Teija Vainio, Joni Lautala,and Lasse Kantola

58 Influence of Smart Cities Sustainability on Citizen’sQuality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1665Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar

Part XI Closing Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1691

59 Smart Cities: State of the Art and Future Challenges . . . . . . . . . . 1693Juan Carlos Augusto

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703

xiv Contents

About the Editor

Dr. Juan Carlos Augusto is professor of computerscience at Middlesex University London, and head ofthe Research Group on Development of IntelligentEnvironments and of Smart Spaces Lab, which wonthe first prize at the 2019 edition of Machine IntelligenceCompetition that took place at the British ComputerSociety Headquarters.

With a technical background in artificial intelligence,software engineering, and human–computer interfaces,his research interest lies in design and implementation ofsensing systems that provide a practical benefit tohumans. The application domain he most often exploredhas been ambient-assisted living, smart education, andsmart cities. His interests intersect with several com-puter science areas, for example, ambient intelligenceuser-centered computing, context awareness, Internet ofThings, and ubiquitous computing.

Dr. Augusto has contributed to the research communitywith more than 260 publications, including severalco-edited books on various types of smart systems. He hasgiven more than a dozen invited talks and tutorials at inter-national workshops and conferences and has also chairednumerous technical events. Dr. Augusto has been appointedco-editor-in-chief of the Journal on Ambient Intelligenceand Smart Environments (IOS Press) and the Journal onReliable Intelligent Environments (Springer), and he is theeditorial board member of other international journals.

He has led several UK-/EU-funded quadruple helixin style-innovation projects. He has advised severalinternational funding bodies, including being externalreferee and monitoring expert for the EuropeanCommission.

xv

Contributors

Reem Mohamed Abdalla School of Hospitality and Tourism, Taylor’s University,Subang Jaya, Malaysia

Jalaluddin Abdul Malek School of Social, Development and EnvironmentalStudies, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Mohamed Faizal Abdul Rahman International College of Semiconductor Tech-nology, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, China

Osamah Ibrahiem Abdullaziz Department of Electrical Engineering and Com-puter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, China

Mahmoud M. Abouzeid Department of Electrical Engineering and ComputerScience, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, China

Albert Acedo ITI/LARSyS, Instituto Superior Tcnico (IST), Universidade de Lis-boa, Lisbon, Portugal

Attila Adamko Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen,Debrecen, Hungary

Kenro Aihara Digital Content and Media Sciences Research Division, NationalInstitute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan

Mehrdad Amirghasemi SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollon-gong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Loretta Anania European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

Janice Annett Open City and Technology, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB,Canada

Dody Arfiansyah School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales,Sydney, NSW, Australia

Marta Arniani Futuribile, Nice/Milan, Italy

Bilal Arshad SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollon-gong, NSW, Australia

xvii

Ross Astoria Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI,USA

Juan Carlos Augusto Department of Computer Science, Middlesex University,London, UK

Amirhadi Azizi Institute for Science and Technology Studies, Shahid BeheshtiUniversity, Tehran, Iran

S. Sandra Bae University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Saeed Bagloee Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, SwinburneUniversity of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Dian Balta fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany

Amy Banić University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA

Mortaza S. Bargh Research and Documentation Centre, Ministry of Justice andSecurity, The Hague, The Netherlands

Research Center Creating 010, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotter-dam, The Netherlands

Johan Barthelemy SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Amine Belemlih Paris Dauphine PSL University, Paris, France

EM Lyon Casablanca Campus, Casablanca, Morocco

Transilience Institute for Territory Resilience and Transformation, Casablanca,Morocco

Fernando Benitez-Paez Institute of New Imaging Technologies (INIT),Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain

Berrin Benli Novusens Smart City Institute, Kale Group, Turkish InformaticsFoundation, Canakkale, Turkey

Rita C. G. Berardi Department of Informatics, Federal University of Technology,Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Igor Bezukladnikov Department of Automation and Remote Control, PermNational Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia

Srini Bhagavan University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA

Pragya Bhawsar Strategic Management, Indian Institute of Management, Sirmaur,India

Muhammad Bilal School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor’s Univer-sity, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

Patrick-Benjamin Bök HSPV NRW, Münster, Germany

xviii Contributors

Mélanie Bouroche School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College,Dublin, Ireland

Mary Beth Bryne Open City and Technology, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB,Canada

Matthias Buchinger fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany

Ece Calikus Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research, Halmstad Univer-sity, Halmstad, Sweden

V. Callaghan School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Universityof Essex, Colchester, UK

The Business School, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK

Theresa Castor Communication, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI,USA

Andreea-Loreta Cercleux Department of Human and Economic Geography, Fac-ulty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Zheng Jun Chew University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

J. Chin School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

L. Chipungu University of KwaZulu-Natal, SOBEDS, Durban, South Africa

Sunil Choenni Research and Documentation Centre, Ministry of Justice and Secu-rity, The Hague, The Netherlands

Research Center Creating 010, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotter-dam, The Netherlands

Radu-Matei Cocheci Department of Urban Planning and Territorial Development,“Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urban Planning, Bucharest, Romania

Eduardo M. Costa LabCHIS – Humane Smart City Lab, Federal University ofSanta Catarina (BR), Florianópolis, Brazil

Knowledge Engineering and Management Dept., Federal University of SantaCatarina (BR), Florianópolis, Brazil

Jeferson L. Curzel Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Joinville, Brazil

Anderson A. De-Bona Centro Universitário Dinâmica das Cataratas (UDC), Fozdo Iguacu, Brazil

José Delgado Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

Vasiliki Delitheou Department of Economics and Regional Development, PanteionUniversity of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece

Hussein Dia Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne Uni-versity of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Contributors xix

Angela Djuric Smart City Agency, UIV Urban Innovation Vienna GmbH, Wien,Austria

Ellen Yi-Luen Do University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

F. Doctor School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University ofEssex, Colchester, UK

Ivana Dusparic School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College, Dub-lin, Ireland

Emirhan Enler Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen,Debrecen, Hungary

Marius Erdt Fraunhofer Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singa-pore, Singapore

C. Erwee University of KwaZulu-Natal, SOBEDS, Durban, South Africa

José Luis Esteban Penelas Universidad Europea de Madrid (Diseño, Arquitecturay Construcciones Civiles), Madrid, Spain

Edoardo Fadda Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico diTorino, Torino, Italy

Yuantao Fan Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research, Halmstad Univer-sity, Halmstad, Sweden

Bilal Farooq Laboratory of Innovations in Transportation (LiTrans), Ryerson Uni-versity, Toronto, ON, Canada

Kiarash Fartash Institute for Science and Technology Studies, Shahid BeheshtiUniversity, Tehran, Iran

Cormac Fay SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollon-gong, NSW, Australia

Keiko V. O. Fonseca Department of Informatics, Federal University of Technol-ogy, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Hugh Forehead SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wol-longong, NSW, Australia

Lohic Fotio Tiotsop Department of Control and Computer Engineering,Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

Diego Gachet Páez Universidad Europea de Madrid (Ciencias y Tecnología de laInformación y las Comunicaciones), Madrid, Spain

Maša Galič Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, VU UniversityAmsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Olalla García Pérez Universidad Europea de Madrid (Ingeniería Industrial yAeroespacial), Madrid, Spain

xx Contributors

Gaëlle Le Gars Brussels, Belgium

Melih Gezer Novusens Smart City Institute, Kale Group, Turkish InformaticsFoundation, Canakkale, Turkey

Hadi Ghaderi Department of Business Technology and Entrepreneurship, Swin-burne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Soumya Ghosh Open City and Technology, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB,Canada

Wendy Gnenz Open City and Technology, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB,Canada

Gizem Gültekin-Várkonyi Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University ofSzeged, Szeged, Hungary

Shivam Gupta Bonn Alliance for Sustainability Research/Innovation CampusBonn (ICB), Bonn, Germany

Dennis Häckl WIG2 GmbH, Wissenschaftliches Institut für Gesundheitsökonomieund Gesundheitssystemforschung, Leipzig, Germany

Hoon Han School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia

Katie Hayes Open City and Technology, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB,Canada

Torin Hopkins University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Lehan Hou School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shenzhen, China

A. Houlihan Wiberg The Research Centre for Zero Emission Neighbourhoods inSmart Cities (ZEN), Department of Architecture and Technology, Norwegian Uni-versity of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

The Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University,Belfast, UK

Christopher Hudspeth Philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha,WI, USA

Mohd Yusof Hussain School of Social, Development and Environmental Studies,Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Bangi,Selangor, Malaysia

Nathanael Hutchison SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, NSW, Australia

Ioan Ianoş Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research on Territorial Dynam-ics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Contributors xxi

Hajime Imura Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, TheUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Umair Iqbal SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollon-gong, NSW, Australia

Peggy James Political Science, College of Social Sciences and Professional Stud-ies, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI, USA

Mantalena Kaili European Law Observatory on New Technologies-ELONTech,Athens, Greece

Anton Kamenskih Department of Automation and Remote Control, Perm NationalResearch Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia

Lasse Kantola Theatrum Olga, Diakonia College of Finland, Lahti, Finland

Ezgi Karakas Novusens Smart City Institute, Kale Group, Turkish InformaticsFoundation, Canakkale, Turkey

Tihomir Katulić Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Petros Kavassalis University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece

Attila Kertész Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Szeged, Sze-ged, Hungary

Mohammadsadegh Khayatian Yazdi Institute for Science and Technology Stud-ies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Antti Knutas LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland

Andrey Kokoulin Department of Automation and Remote Control, Perm NationalResearch Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia

Nádia P. Kozievitch Department of Informatics, Federal University of Technology,Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Rob van Kranenburg IoT Council, Resonance Design BV, Gent, Belgium

Christian Kray Institute for Geoinformatics (ifgi), University of Münster,Münster, Germany

Yang Kuang University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Peter Kuhn fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany

T. Kymäläinen VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tampere, Finland

Gustaf Landahl Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm,Stockholm, Sweden

Joni Lautala Theatrum Olga, Diakonia College of Finland, Lahti, Finland

Chen-Yu Lee Taipei, Taiwan

xxii Contributors

Yan Li SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong,NSW, Australia

Ruizhi Liao School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University ofHong Kong, Shenzhen, China

Shenzhen Key Laboratory of IoT Intelligent Systems and Wireless Network Tech-nology, Shenzhen, China

Jonathan Lodge City Farm Systems Ltd, Slough, UK

Sondre Løvhaug Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Tech-nology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technol-ogy, Trondheim, Norway

Ricardo Lüders Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba,Brazil

Qiqi Luo School of Management and Economics, The Chinese University of HongKong, Shenzhen, China

Somayya Madakam Information Technology, FORE School of Management,New Delhi, India

Thomas Madreiter Executive Group for Construction and Technology, City ofVienna, Vienna, Austria

H. Magidimisha-Chipungu University of KwaZulu-Natal, SOBEDS, Durban,South Africa

Abdullahi Akibu Mahmoud School of Computer Science and Engineering,Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

Cosmina-Andreea Manea “Simion Mehedinti – Nature and Sustainable Develop-ment” Doctoral School, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Bucharest,Romania

Daniele Manerba Department of Information Engineering, Università degli Studidi Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Mohsen Marjani School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor’s Univer-sity, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

William Martin City of Racine, Racine, WI, USA

Fernando Martín de Pablos Universidad Europea de Madrid (Ciencias yTecnología de la Información y las Comunicaciones), Madrid, Spain

Mikael Mathisen Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Tech-nology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technol-ogy, Trondheim, Norway

Contributors xxiii

Vassiliki Meleti Department of Economics and Regional Development, PanteionUniversity of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece

Florentina-Cristina Merciu Department of Human and Economic Geography,Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Melody Moh Department of Computer Science, San Jose State University, SanJose, CA, USA

Teng-Sheng Moh San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA

Rafael Muñoz Gil Universidad Europea de Madrid (Ciencias y Tecnología de laInformación y las Comunicaciones), Madrid, Spain

Niels Netten Research and Documentation Centre, Ministry of Justice and Security,The Hague, The Netherlands

Research Center Creating 010, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotter-dam, The Netherlands

Laurent Njilla Air Force Research Lab, Rome, NY, USA

Sławomir Nowaczyk Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research, HalmstadUniversity, Halmstad, Sweden

Joseph Nyangon Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (CEEP), Universityof Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Sergio Trilles Oliver Institute of New Imaging Technologies (INIT), UniversitatJaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain

Denise Olstinske Applied Professional Studies, University of Wisconsin-Parkside,Kenosha, WI, USA

Simge Özdal Oktay Institute for Geoinformatics (ifgi), University of Münster,Münster, Germany

Víctor Manuel Padrón Nápoles Universidad Europea de Madrid (IngenieríaIndustrial y Aeroespacial), Madrid, Spain

Luciano U. Pando Instituto Federal do Paraná (IFPR), Campo Largo, Brazil

Khaliq Parkar CESSMA, University of Paris, Paris, France

Anne Pässilä LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland

Ute Paukstadt HSPV NRW, Münster, Germany

A. Peña-Rios BT Research Labs, Adastral Park, Ipswich, UK

Istvan Pentek Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen,Debrecen, Hungary

Pascal Perez SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollon-gong, NSW, Australia

xxiv Contributors

C. Phengdy Learning Design and Technology, San Diego State University, SanDiego, CA, USA

Thulasyammal Ramiah Pillai School of Computer Science and Engineering,Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

Vinay Ponnaganti San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA

Muni Prabaharan Chennai, India

Ekaterina Prasolova-Førland Department of Education and Lifelong Learning,Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

OlgaM. Prestes Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba (IPPUC),Curitiba, Brazil

Uttara Purandare IITB-Monash Research Academy, Mumbai, India

Yan Qian SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong,NSW, Australia

Praveen Rao University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA

Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson Center for Applied Intelligent Systems Research,Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden

Eirik Resch The Research Centre for Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in SmartCities (ZEN), Department of Architecture and Technology, Norwegian Universityof Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

A. Reyes-Munoz Telecommunications and Aerospace Engineering, UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

Andrew D. Roberts School of Business and Law, Central Queensland University,Melbourne, Australia

Claude Rochet Paris Dauphine PSL University, Paris, France

Fondation Robert de Sorbon, Institut Franco Allemand d’Etudes Européennes, Paris,France

Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar Department of Accounting and Finance, Uni-versity of Granada, Granada, Spain

A. Paula Rodriguez Müller Public Governance Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven,Belgium

Marcelo O. Rosa Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba,Brazil

Tingwen Ruan University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Oscar R. M. Schmeiske Department of Informatics, Federal University of Tech-nology, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Contributors xxv

Christopher Schrey WIG2 GmbH, Wissenschaftliches Institut für Gesundheit-sökonomie und Gesundheitssystemforschung, Leipzig, Germany

Marc Schuilenburg Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, VU Univer-sity Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Seng Boon Lim School of Social, Development and Environmental Studies, Fac-ulty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Bangi,Selangor, Malaysia

Luiz Márcio Spinosa LabCHIS / Federal University of Santa Catarina (BR), TripleHelix Association (IT), Curitiba, Brazil

LabCHIS – Humane Smart City Lab, Federal University of Santa Catarina (BR),Florianópolis, Brazil

Nikolaus Summer Smart City Agency, UIV Urban Innovation Vienna GmbH,Wien, Austria

Roberto Tadei Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico diTorino, Torino, Italy

Zurinah Tahir School of Social, Development and Environmental Studies, Facultyof Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Bangi,Selangor, Malaysia

Taipei Smart City Project Mangement Office (TPMO) Taipei, Taiwan

Cristian Tălângă Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research on TerritorialDynamics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Edna Iliana Tamariz-Flores Faculty of Computer Sciences, Autonomous Univer-sity of Puebla, Puebla, México

Ibrahim Abaker Targio Hashem Future Technology Research Center, NationalYunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Taiwan

Muhammad Tayyab School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor’s Uni-versity, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

A. Tisan Department of Electronic Engineering, Royal Holloway, University ofLondon, Surrey, UK

Richard Torrealba-Meléndez Faculty of Electronics Sciences, Autonomous Uni-versity of Puebla, Puebla, México

Benedikt Tschoerner Fraunhofer Singapore, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore, Singapore

Aleksander Tur Department of Automation and Remote Control, Perm NationalResearch Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia

Julia Uhr University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

xxvi Contributors

Raja Sher Afgun Usmani School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor’sUniversity, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

Teija Vainio Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

Susan van den Braak Research and Documentation Centre, Ministry of Justiceand Security, The Hague, The Netherlands

Delfina Fantini van Ditmar Royal College of Art, London, UK

Szilvia Váradi Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Szeged,Szeged, Hungary

Goran Vojković Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb,Zagreb, Croatia

M. Wang Learning Design and Technology, San Diego State University, SanDiego, CA, USA

John Ward Geography/GIS, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI,USA

Hans Wiesmeth Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural FederalUniversity, Yekaterinburg, Russia

Faculty of Business and Economics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Annika Wolff LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland

Florian Woller Smart City Agency, UIV Urban Innovation Vienna GmbH, Wien,Austria

H. Y. Wu National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan

Ali Yazdizadeh Laboratory of Innovations in Transportation (LiTrans), RyersonUniversity, Toronto, ON, Canada

Aleksander Yuzhakov Department of Automation and Remote Control, PermNational Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia

V. Zamudio Division of Graduate Studies and Research, TecNM / InstitutoTecnológico de León, León, México

S. Zhang Department of Computer Science, Shijiazhuang University, Shijia-zhuang, PR China

P. Zheng The Business School, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury,UK

Clement Zheng National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Meiling Zhu University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Contributors xxvii