Download - Hardware details
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HARDWARE
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Computer
Electronic Device
Machine that performs tasks , such as
calculations, under the control of a set of
instructions called a program.
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Introduction to Computer Hardware
Computer
Hardware Software
Input Device Output Device System Software Application Software
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Functions of Personal Computer
Accepting Data
Storing Data
Processing Data
Displaying Data
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Functions of Personal Computer
Accepting Data:-
Accepts data input from the user by some input
devices like keyboard, mouse or microphones
Storing Data:-
Enables to store large amount of data. It can store
data permanently on the storage devices like Hard
Disk drives, CD-ROM drives, or Tape devicesand more
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Functions of Personal Computer
Processing Data:-
Data processing is the process of manipulating
the data using a set of instructions and producing
the desired output. These instructions are either
stored in memory and or in microprocessor itself
Displaying Data:-
It is nothing but showing the data to the user. Thedata can be in any form of numbers, characters, or
pictures.
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Functions of Personal Computer
Displaying Data:-
PC displays the output through various output
devices such as monitor, printer or speakers and
many more
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Generations of Computers
1st Generation (1946 - 55) - Vaccum Tubes
2nd Generation (1956 - 65) - Transistors
3rd Generation (1966 - 75) - ICS (Integrated Circuits)
4th Generation (1976 - 80) - Microprocessor
5th Generation (1980..) - Advanced Microprocessors
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Classification of Computer
Micro Computer
Mini computer
Mainframe Computer
Super Computer
Laptop or Notebook Computer or Palmtop
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Components or Devices of Computer
Processor
Memory
Motherboard
Storage Devices
Data Cables
Mouse, Keyboard
Monitor Cabinet
Power Supply
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Common Peripherals and Adapter Cards
Printer, Scanner
Webcam
Speakers, Microphones, Headsets
Modem, Routers
Card Readers
Sound / Video / Network Adapter Cards
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Front side of PC
CD / DVD Drive
Floppy Drive
Power Switch
Power LED
Front USB
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Rear / Back Side of PC
Power Supply
Keyboard / Mouse Port
Serial, Parallel Port
USB Port
PCI Slots
LAN Port Sound Port
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Microprocessor
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Microprocessors
It is programmable digital device designed with
registers, flip flops & timing elements etc.
It has set of instructions, designed internally to
manipulate data to communicate with devices /peripherals
Microprocessors accepts input from the user in
the form of data & instructions It process the data & sends the processed
information to the output device
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Microprocessors
Microprocessor has a set of instructions, designed
internally to manipulate data and communication
with peripherals.
The process of data manipulation is determinedby the logic design of the microprocessor called
Architecture.
The microprocessor can be programmed toperform functions on given data by selecting
necessary instructions from its Instruction Set.
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Microprocessors
These instructions are given to the processor by
writing them into its memory.
The results can be stored in memory or sent of
such output devices as LEDs or CRT terminal
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Microprocessors
Microprocessor Year8086 and 8088 197881
80286 198480386DX and 80386SX 198788
80486SX, 80486DX, 80486DX2 / DX4 199092Pentium, Cyrix 6X86, AMD K5, IDT WinChip2 C6 199397
Pentium MMX, IBM / Cyrix 6x86Mx, IDT
WinChip2 3D
199798Pentium Pro, AMD K6, Pentium II, AMD K6-2 199598
Mobile Pentium II, Mobile Celeron, P III, AMD K6-
31999
AMD Athlon, AMD Athlon Thunderbird, Pentium4 1999 - 2001
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Microprocessors
There are two primary chip makers to consider
their products, Intel and AMD.
Intel is maker of the Pentium Chips.
Intel definitely has the most experience and make
greatest CPUs
AMD is fairly new on the scene and most people
are just getting familiar with them
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Microprocessors
Pentium III:-
The earliest Pentium III processors use the
Katmai core
These processors come in speed in speed from
450 MHz to 600 MHz and offer 512 KB of L2
cache
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Microprocessors
Intel M Microprocessors:-
Laptop & notebook computers use the Intel M
Microprocessors
The M stands for Mobile
These microprocessors consumes less energy &
hence provide more battery life for the laptops
Also they are comparatively small in their size
with other common processors
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Microprocessors
Intel Xeon Microprocessor:-
Intel Xeon microprocessors are heavy duty
microprocessors
These powers servers & workstations on a
network
Xeon processors supports two microprocessors on
the same system
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Microprocessors
Intel Itanium:-
Intel Itanium microprocessor powers network
servers & workstations
Itanium is powerful microprocessor that can
execute three instructions at a time
Itanium is Reduced Instruction Set Computing
(RISC) processors & has limited instruction builtinto the processor itself
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Microprocessor Sockets
The sockets on motherboard connects the
microprocessor to the motherboard
The processor has pins that enters the
motherboard using which the microprocessorcommunicates with the entire system
In earlier days Socket 1, Socket 2, Socket 3,
Socket 4, Socket 5 & socket 6 were used for80486, Pentium 75-133 MHz & Pentium 75-
200MHz
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Socket 7 & Socket 8
Socket 7 supports microprocessors having 321
pins
Socket 7 supplies 2.5 to 3.3 v to the
microprocessor
The processors using this socket use 2.5v for
input / output & the core of the microprocessors
uses 3.3 v Socket 7 supports Pentium 72-200 MHz &
Pentium Overdrive microprocessor
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Socket 7 & Socket 8
Socket 8 supports microprocessors that have 387
pins
This sockets supports Pentium Pro
microprocessors
Socket 8 supplies 3.1 to 3.3 v to the processor
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Socket 370 & socket 478 Socket 370 supports microprocessors that have
370 pins
The processors for this socket have L2 cache built
into the microprocessors
Socket 370 supports Pentium 3 processor Socket 478 supports microprocessors that have
478 pins
The processors for this socket have the L2 cachebuilt into the microprocessor
This socket supports Pentium 4 processors
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Over Heating Protection Heat generated by microprocessor and circuit
must be dissipated to improve reliability &prevent premature failure
Techniques for heat dissipation can include heat
sinks & fans for cooling The cooler fan is connected to the provision given
in the motherboard itself
Heat sink can be defined as an environment orobject that absorb & dissipates heat from another
object using thermal contact
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Memory
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Volatile Memory
It is also kwon as volatile storage
It is computers memory that requires power to
maintain the stored information
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Non-Volatile Memory
It is the computer memory that can retain the
stored information even when not powered
E.g. Non volatile memory include read only
memory (ROM), flash memory most type ofmagnetic computer storage devices. E g. Hard
disk
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Physical Memory
Physical memory comprises memory chips which
stores programs and data
It enables the microprocessors data quickly
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Classification of Physical Memory
a) Random Access Memory (RAM)
b) Read Only Memory (ROM)
c) Hybrid Memory
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM also known as Main Memory orSystem
Memory, is a term commonly used to describe
the within a computer
It is a type of volatile memory, RAM requirespower if power is lost all data will be lost
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Read Only Memory
ROM is type memory that is capable of holding
data, but the data cannot be modified
ROM is non volatile memory that means capable
of keeping its contents regardless if it has poweror not
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Hybrid Memory
Hybrid memory is that type of memory that reads
and writes data and maintains data even when the
system turned off
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Types of ROM
EPROM:-
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
is a memory chip that can read from but not
stored
However if exposed to ultra violet light and
can be reprogrammed if needed
Hardware manufacturer use EPROM when itmay be needed that the data contained on
the EPROM needs to be changed
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Types of ROM
Continued
An EPROM chip is easily distinguishable by a
small glass circle that exposes the chip that
can be reprogrammed
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Types of Hybrid Memory
NVRAM:-
Non-volatile RAM or NVRAM is type of SRAM
that does not lose the data when system is turned
off
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Basic Troubleshooting Techniques -
Memory BIOS Beep Codes:-
The BIOS program automatically does the
POST (Power On Self Test) as the system turns
on.
This testing is done to ensure that the system is
working properly
If the system fails to starts a long beep occurs This indicates to check BIOS of the M/B
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Power Supply Unit
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Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Computer power supply unit is the component
that supplies power to a computer
A power supply is typically designed to convert
100-120v (North America & Japan) or 220-240v(Europe, Africa & Australia) AC power from the
mains to usable low voltage DC power for the
internal components of the computer Some power supplies have a switch to change
voltage between 230115v
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Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Continued
Other models have automatic sensors that switch
input voltage automatically or are able to accept
any voltage between those limits
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Connectors
PC Main Power Connector:-
It is the connector that goes to the motherboard
to provide it with power
The connector has 20 or 24 pins
One of the pins belongs to the PS-On wire
(which is usually green)
This connector is the largest of all the connectors
C
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Connectors
ATX 12v 4 Pin Power Connector:-
It is a second connector that goes to the
motherboard (in additional to the 20 or 24 pins
connector)
This connector is found on recent motherboard
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Connectors
4 Pin Peripheral Power Connectors (Molex):-
These are another smaller connectors that go to
the various disk drives & computer most of them
have four wires: Two black, one red & one yellow
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Connectors
Auxiliary Power Connectors:-
There are several types of auxiliary connectors
designed to provide additional power if it is
needed
Serial ATA Connectors:-
15 pins connector for components which use
SATA power plug This connector supplies power at these different
voltages: +3.3v, +5v, +12v
I id PSU (P S l U it)
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Inside PSU (Power Supply Unit) Inside the PSU the complex arrangement of
components including, diodes, capacitors,
transistors & transformers
Most computers power supply have metal heat
sink & fans to dissipate the heat produced
The speed of the fan is often dependent on the
temperature or less often the power load
It may be dangerous to open a power supply even
if it is not connected to an electrical outlet as highvoltage may be still be present in charged
capacitor
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Pi f ATX P S l
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Pin-outs for ATX Power SupplyPin No. Color Code/Voltage Pin No. Color Code/Voltage
1 Orange +3.3VDC 11 Orange +3.3VDC
2 Orange +3.3VDC 12 Blue +3.3VDC
3 Black Ground 13 Blue -12VDC
4 Red +5VDC 14 Green PS-NO
5 Black Ground 15 Black Ground
6 Red +5VDC 16 Black Ground
7 Black Ground 17 Black Ground
8 Gray Power OK 18 White -5VDC
9 Purple +5VDC SB 19 Red +5VDC
10 Yellow +12VDC 20 Red +5VDC
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B i T bl h i
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Basic Troubleshooting
Power supply fan does not working or making
sound:-
1. Shut down the system
2. Remove fan, clean it properly & reinstall itproperly
3. Replace fan if necessary
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Hard Disk
H d Di k D i
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Hard Disk Drive
The hard disk drive is the main & usually largest
data storage device in a computer
The operating system, software and most other
files are stored in the hard disk drive The hard disk drive is also known as HDD, hard
disk, hard drive, fixed disk drive
H d Di k O ti
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Hard Disk Operation HDD record data by magnetizing Ferro magnetic
material directionally to represent either a 0 or a 1binary digit
They read the data back by detecting the
magnetization of the material
A typical HDD design consist of a spindle which
holds one or more flat circular disk called platters,
onto which the data is recorded
The platters are made from a non magneticmaterial, usually aluminum alloy or glass are
coated with a thin layer of magnetic material
C ti & J
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Connection & Jumpers
Hard disk drive use a standard 4 pin male
connector plug that take one of the power
connectors coming from the power supply
This keyed 4 wire plastic connector provides+5v & +12v to the hard disk
Fil S t
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A file system is a method for storing & organizing
contain to make it easy to find & access them
File system may use a data storage device such
maintaining the physical location of the files
File System
FAT ( Fil All ti T bl )
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FAT ( File Allocation Table)
File allocation table, a proprietary computer file
system originally developed by Bill Gates & Marc
Mc Donald in 1976/1977 and is the primary file
system for various operating system includingDR-DOS, Open DOS , Free DOS, MS-DOS,
Microsoft Windows
NTFS (N T h l Fil S t )
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NTFS (New Technology File System)
NTFS supersedes the FAT file system as thepreferred file system for Microsoft Windows
branded operating systems
NTFS has several improvements over FAT andHPFS (High Performance File System) such as
improved supports for metadata & the use of
advanced data structure to improve performance,
reliability & disk space utilization, plus &additional extensions such as security access
control list file system journaling
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F tti H d D i
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Formatting a Hard Drive
Low level formatting & high level formatting:
There are two important concepts about
formatting a hard drive that needed to be
understood.These include low level formatting & high
formatting
Low Level Formatting
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Low Level Formatting
Low level formatting divides the disk into sectors& cylinders & defines their placement on the disk
IDE & SCSI are system level drive types and
normally receive the low level format at thefactory
Some SCSI devices may still require a low levelformat, but never perform a low level format on
an IDE hard drive unless the drive has completelyfailed
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Basic Troubleshooting for HDD
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Basic Troubleshooting for HDD
Check the HDD signal cable for proper
connections at both ends
Exchange the signal cable for a known good one
Check jumper setting to ensure they are setcorrectly
Determine whether the system is using the cable
select options
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This setting enables the system to dynamically
assign the master / slave arrangements formultiple IDE drives
Like wise check the ID configuration setting &
terminator installations for SCSI drives
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CD / DVD ROM
CD DVD ROM
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CDDVD ROM
Compact Disk:-
CD is a removable, cheap & reliable storage
media
A normal CD holds about 650700 MB of data
The CD is made up of the poly carbonate plastic
CD has different layers that enables the CD drive
to access data
Audio Compact Disk
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Audio Compact Disk
The audio CD is used to stored music data or files
The quality of audio CD dose not decrease like
audio cassettes
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Compact Disk Recordable (CD R)
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Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R)
By using CD-R disk we can write data
The data once written can not be erased
This is useful for backing up data
This can be used for creating music CDs
CD Rewritable (CD RW)
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CD Rewritable (CD-RW)
The CD-RW disk enable us to rewrite data to the
disk as the name implies
Erasing the data from the CD-RW disk removes
all the data from disk & makes the disk empty forwriting data to it
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CD RW Drive
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CD-RW Drive
CD-RW stands for Compact Disk Rewritable &
similar to CD-R, but allows you to overwrite data
on the CD as needed, so it works more like a
floppy disk but holds a lot more information
Combo Drive
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Combo Drive
Another option is a DVD/CD-RW combo drive
which gives you the best of both worlds with
rewritable CD drives & the ability to play DVDs
as well DVD drives can play all CDs, but CD drive
cannot play DVDs
CD Writer Softwares
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CD Writer Softwares
To write in CDs many softwares are available
Microsoft Windows XP provided with CD writing
option with in itself
Some will get with your CD-Writer package itselfor you can find out many of them from the
internet
Among these softwares, Ahead Nero, Clone CD,Audio/Data Burner are most popular
Basic Troubleshooting
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Basic Troubleshooting
CD Drive Not Detected:
When the CD drive is not detected, the drive latterdoes not appear in windows explorer
To correct this problem check the CD drive is
properly configured in the BIOS setting first Check if the connector & cable properly inserted
to the both the ends
Unplug if any new hardware installed. If problem
persist you can connect it to other system and cancheck the drive
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CD Write Error
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CD Write Error
Check if the disk has empty space for storing data
Check if the source disk having scratches
Clean the source disk
By the use a head cleaning CD, clean the head of
the drive
DVD (Digital Video Disk
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DVD (Digital Video Disk DVD is popular optical disk storage media format
Its main uses are video and data storage Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as CD
but store more than six times of a CD data
Variations of the term DVD often describe the
way data is stored on the discs: DVD-ROM hasdata which can only be read only & not written,DVD-R can be written once & then function as aDVD-ROM, & DVDRAM, DVD-RW hold datathat can be erased & thus re-written multipletimes
DVD ROM Drives
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DVD ROM Drives DVD-ROM drives read DVDs of different types
These are read only drives The speed of the drive is indicated by a number
followed by an x
The drive is set to be master if it is only one driveconnected to the system. DVD jumper options aregiven below
CS : Cable Select
MA : MasterSL : Slave
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Input / Output Ports
I / O Port
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I / O Port
I/O ports enable to connect all the input & outputto the system devices
I/O ports providing direct communication with a
device that has sent an interrupt signal toprocessor
The exchange of commands or data between the
processor & the device take place through the I/Oports address of the device, which is a
hexadecimal number
I / O Port
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I / O Port
Port is used to connect the system & a devicetogether, using cable. So that they communicate
each other
The different ports are located mainly at the backside of the system
In some cases they are in front side or any one of
side the system In most cases & M/B there are some symbols to
indicate the ports
Types of Ports
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Types of Ports
Serial Port
Parallel Port
DIN 5 Port
PS/2 Port
USB Port
Infrared Port
IEEE 1394 Port
Serial Port
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Serial Port
Serial port is a serial communication physicalinterface through which information transfer in or
out one bit at a time
Data transfer through serial ports connected thecomputer to devices such as a terminals & various
peripherals
Serial port have 9 pins on connector
Parallel Port
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Parallel Port
Parallel port is a type of interface found oncomputers for connecting various peripherals
It is also known as printer port, LPT port
Printer port have 25 pins on connector
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P/S2 Port
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P/S2 Port
It features a metal sleeve that is notched to ensureproper allignment when inserting in into the P/S2
port
This protects the circular pins inside theconnector from becoming bent
P/S2 port have 6 pins on connector
USB Port
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USB is serial bus standard to interface devices
USB was designed to allow many peripherals tobe connected using a single standardized interfacesocket & to improve plug & play capabilities byallowing devices to be connected & disconnectedwithout rebooting the computer
Other convenient features include providingpower to low consumption devices without theneed for an external power supply & allowing
many devices to be used without requiringmanufacturer specific individual device drivers tobe installed
Continued
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USB can connect computer devices & peripherals
such as mouse, keyboard, joysticks, scanners,cameras, personal media players, & flash devices
For many of those devices USB has become the
standard connecting method
Versions of USB Port
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USB 1.0 : Released in 1996
Specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low) & 12 Mbit/s
(High)
USB 1.1 : Released in 1998
Fix problem identified in 1.0 mostly relating to hubs
USB 2.0 : Released in 2000
Added higher maximum speed of 480 Mbit/s
Infrared Port
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The Infrared port also commonly refereed to asthe IRDA (Infrared Data Association ) is a port
much like what you would find on your TV/VCR
remote This port allows two systems or a device and a
system to communicate among each other without
the user of wires
IEEE 1394 Port
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A very fast external bus standard that supportsdata transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps ( in 1394a )and 800 Mbps ( in 1394b )
A single 1394 port can be used to connect up to63 devices
Although it is extremely fast & flexible, 1394 isalso expensive
Like USB, 1394 supports both plug & play andhot plugging and also provides power toperipheral devices
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Keyboard & Mouse
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Types of Keyboard
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yp y
101 Key Enhanced Keyboard
102 Key Enhanced Keyboard
104 Key Windows Keyboard
Ergonomic Keyboard
Programmable Keyboard
Cordless Keyboard
101 Key Enhanced Keyboard
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y y
Also known as the 101 key keyboard, the ATkeyboard is the US standard keyboard introduced
in 1986 by IBM compatible computer
An AT keyboard may also be used to describe akeyboard that uses
This type of keyboard has been widely replace by
new standard such as PS/2 & USB keyboard
102 Key Enhanced Keyboard
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y y
Several slightly modified versions of the regularAmerican English 101 key enhanced keyboard
were created by IBM for by non-English PC users
These keyboards are vertically identical to theregular 101 key Enhanced keyboard,
incorporating just slight differences from the
regular U. S. keyboard
104 Key Windows Keyboard
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y y
Also known as the Windows keyboard, the 104key keyboard is a keyboard found with most new
computers today that incorporates three additional
Microsoft Windows keys
Ergonomic Keyboard
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g y
Ergonomic keyboard are sold widely under avariety of names & are made by most keyboard
manufacturers
They are fairly popular, but dont seem likely toreplace regular keyboard any time soon
Programmable Keyboard
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g y
Programmable keyboard have special additionalsmarts built into their internal processor to
support programmability, and an EEPROM (flash
memory) to hold key definitions, even whenpower to key boards has been cut
They are great for users that really want control
over their keyboards layout & operation
Cordless Keyboards
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y
Cordless keyboard are like regular keyboards,except instead of having a keyboard cable that
runs from the keyboard to the PC, they have no
cord The wired interface between the keyboard & the
motherboard is replace with a wireless one
Keyboard Connectors
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The keyboard connector is a device at the end ofthe cable that is used to attach the keyboard to the
system
There are three standard types of connectors,which the only connector type ever used in the PC
world, if you ignore special proprietary hardware
5 Pin DIN Connector
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These connectors were widely used in past
This type of connectors were widely used in past
This type of connectors are rarely used now days
Connector Pins PurposePin 1 KBDCLK
Pin2 KBDAT
Pin 3 KBRSTPin 4 GND
Pin 5 VCC (+5V)
6 Pin PS/2 Connector
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IBM introduced PS/2 connectors to connect keyboard &
mouse
Its emergence replaced almost 5 pin DIN connectors
Connector Pin Purpose
Pin 1 KBDAT (data)Pin 2 Not used
Pin 3 GND
Pin 4 VCC (+5)
Pin 5 KBDCLK (clock)
Pin 6 Not used
USB Connector
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4 pin USB connector is most widely usedconnector now a days
USB keyboards can be plugged in this type of
connectors USB type A plug typically connects a keyboard to
a desktop or laptop computer
The end is a wide, flat rectangle
Basic Troubleshooting
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Some of the typical keyboard problems are given
belowWrong characters appear when typing
Onscreen messages do not appear when pressingmultimedia keys
Setting a multimedia button produce an illeagaloperation error message
Multimedia keyboard buttons not working
Internet keyboard buttons not working
Sticking keys
1.The most common problem when faced with a
ki k b d i i ti
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non-working keyboard is an improper connection.
Try reconnecting your keyboard, restart your
computer & fix it. Turn off the system. Unplug the
keyboard connect & inspect for any bent or broken
pins. If the pins are bent, then it is possible to gently
straighten them using the tip of a ball point pen ormechanical pencil. If the pins are broken, then
replacement of keyboard may be neccessary
Mouse
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In computing, a mouse functions as a pointingdevice by detecting tow dimensional motion
relative to its supporting surface
Types of Mouse1. Mechanical Mouse
2. Optical Mouse
3. Cordless Mouse
Mechanical Mouse
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Mechanical mouse requires that the mouse be seton a flat surface
The distance & the speed of the rollers inside the
mouse determines how far the mouse cursormoves on the screen depending on the software
configurations
Optical Mouse
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Optical mouse requires a special mouse pad which has a
grid pattern
A sensor inside the the mouse determines the movement
by reading the grid as the mouse passes over it while
emitting a light from an LED or sometimes a laser
This type mouse is much more accurate that the ordinaryoptical mechanical mouse which relies on the traction
between the mouse ball & the rollers
In comparison to the traditional mechanical mouse, the
optical is much better solution for a computer mouse
Cordless Mouse
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Cordless mouse establishes an infrared or radiolink with a transceiver (transmitter / Receiver)
that is connected to the system
These devices are more convenient to use Mostly cordless mouses are operate on batteries
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Modem
Modem
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Modem ( modulator-Demodulator) is a device
that modulates an analog carrier signal to encodedigital information, and also demodulates suchsignals to decode the transmitted information
Modem is a hardware device that enable a
computer to transmit & receive information overtelephone lines
The modem is responsible for converting thedigital data into an analog signal used on phone
lines & then converting it back once received onthe other end
Types of Modem
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Internal Modem:
Modem which would be plugged into a slot
located within or on the computer
External Modem:
Modem which is located within a box & is
hooked up externally to the computer generallyvia the Serial Ports